1. Part 12
11/15/2018

2. Week 16, 17, 18 and 19 The Atmosphere
Modules 3, 4, 7 and 8 in AP
The study of the Air and the Atmosphere and how we measure them
Movement of the Atmosphere - Air Masses, Winds and Storms
Weather Prediction
Next test: Week 19 T Jan 23/25 - covers the atmosphere and hydrosphere
Week 20 A Jan 30 - I will be away - analysis exercise
U of IL - Wx Course
Lyndon State Course
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3. Prep Questions Week 16 Week 17 Week 18 Week 19
(1) What role does the sun play in causing seasons and the weather?
(2) What is the composition of the air?
(3) What is the role of each component?
Week 17
(1) What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere?
(2) What is temperature?
(3) What is Ozone hole?
Week 18
(1) What factors influence the weather?
(2) What are the weather elements?
Week 19
(1) What are the factors that cause precipitation?
(2) What are the differences and common characteristics of a thunderstorm, tornado, hurricane and a nor'easter low pressure system?
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4. Current Weather Review 
Radar/Sat
US Radar
US Radar NWS
Goes Sat Page
US Sat IR
NRL Sat
US Sat Vis
NY VIS
Sfc Analysis NWS
Surface Plots
Surface 12 Hour Fcst
Surface 24 Hour Fcst
Surface 36 Hour Fcst
Surface 48 Hr Fcsts
Emergency
CURRENT SVR Wx RADAR
National Weather Situation Page  
Severe Weather Alert Link
Your Local Forecast
Local Fcsts
Rome NY 
 43.23°N 75.46°W 
Rome Griffiss Airfield
Lat:   Lon:   Elev: 504 ft Lat/Lon: 43.23°N 75.46°W   Elevation:482  
BGM Discussion 
Wx Maps
NAM
GFS
1. GFSx -Upper
2.GFSx-MRF- Precip
Long Range NWS Model
ECMWF
CPC
Datastreme
Climo
SYR CLIMO
CLIMO STAT CNY
ALB CLIMO
Other
NASA Solar Science
Solar-Sun Spot-Space-Wx
Sun & Moon Rise & Set Tables
Moon Phases
Your Sky Start Charts
Tides Maine
NOAA Space Wx
Forecast Central
11/15/2018

5. The water (hydrological ) cycle in weather and types of clouds & precipitation 
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6. Types of Clouds Classifications done by appearance, cause and height
stratiform - layered - gentle lifting will have stratus in the name
cumulus - heaped - more violent lifting have cumulus in the name
nimbus - rain
Height
High - cirrus or cirro in the name (hair like) ,
middle - Alto
Low - no prefix
#1 High-level clouds
* 1.1 Cirrus
* 1.2 Cirrocumulus
* 1.3 Cirrostratus
* 1.4 Contrail - from a jet
# 2 Medium-level clouds
* 2.1 Altostratus
* 2.2 Altocumulus
# 3 Low-level clouds
* 3.1 Stratocumulus
* 3.2 Stratus
* 3.3 Nimbostratus
* 3.4 Cumulus
# 4 Vertically developed clouds
* 4.1 Cumulonimbus
# 5 Special clouds
* Nacreous cloud (mother of pearl)A thin cloud seen most often between sunset and sunrise and is between 12 to 18 miles (19 to 29 km) high
* Noctilucent cloud -A thin cloud seen most often between sunset and sunrise and is between 32 to 35 miles (51 to 56 km) high
*Lenticular clouds are stationary lens-shaped clouds that form at high altitudes, normally aligned perpendicular to the wind direction. Lenticular clouds can be separated into altocumulus standing lenticularis (ACSL), stratocumulus standing lenticular (SCSL), and cirrocumulus standing lenticular (CCSL).
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7. Some form of condensation or deposition process
How Water Leaves the Atmosphere (Ap Module 8 pp ) Water Vapor to Cloud Drop Water Vapor to Ice Crystal
Some form of condensation or deposition process
Dew and frost
Precipitation rain drop or snow crystal
Warm Rain: Condensation, coalescent and capture
Cold rain process – evaporation - sublimation
Ways to cool air to dewpoint or raise humidity to dewpoint
Lifting by convection (heating leading to cooling)
Lifting by force of a mountain
Lifting slow by Warm Air advection
Cool by warm are going over cold surface.
Add moisture by evaporation
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8. Types of Precipitation
Rain
Drizzle
Acid rain
Frozen precip,
sleet (occurs in cold season)
freezing rain
freezing drizzle (always below freezing)
hail (occurs in mostly warm season)
snow
11/15/2018

9. Two Precipitation Processes
Warm Rain Process
Condensation
Coalescence
Capture
Occurs in:
Clouds Above 0˚C (32˚F)
Freezing Drizzle of Supper cooled Drops - below 0˚C (32˚F)
Condensation
Coalescence
Capture
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10. Cloud vs. Rain Drop Size
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11. RH must be greater than 100% for condensation to take place to formation a rain drop because of curvature. (Td > T) Curved drop higher vapor pressure than flat surface.
Vap Pressure
Vap Pressure
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12. It is easier for larger drops to grow as vapor decreases
Also cloud nuclei (especially hydroscopic) make it easier for a cloud to grow.
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13. Capture
Coalescence
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14. Shallow Clouds in Summer follow the warm rain process
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15. Deep Clouds in Summer follow the warm rain process in the lower part of the cloud.
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16. Bergeron Cold Rain Process
Condensation
Evaporation - Depostion (Sublimation)
Crystal Growth
Coalescence & Capture
Possible Melting as Rain
Condensation
Deposition
Ice Capture and Coalescence
Liquid Capture and Coalescence
11/15/2018

17. Supercooled Cloud Drop
- Not enough ice nuclie pure water will not freez until -40 F or C
freezing of pure liquid water into ice does not happen until -40°F (Which actually is also -40°C by the way). You may be thinking...than why do we call 32°F the freezing point? Well we really shouldn't call it that, but rather 32°F should be called the melting point of ice. Ice will always begin to melt (no matter how slowly) at 32°F or warmer. But pure liquid water will not always freeze at 32°F or colder.
Notice I've said "pure" liquid water. That's the catch. At 32°F liquid water can freeze if there is an ice nuclei present. Basically, an ice nuclei is something the liquid water can freeze onto. Ice nuclei can be as tiny as a dust particle or ice crystal in the cloud and once liquid water touches that ice nuclei, the liquid water will freeze rapidly into ice crystals. Because the dust or soot have a similar crystal structure to ice, they act as ice nuclei. Sometimes an airplane will act as the ice nuclei and the supercooled water droplets suspended in a cloud will freeze onto the plane causing icing.
Supercooled water droplets are also what fall from the sky during an ice storm. In this case they typically form as snow high above the ground then fall into a layer of air above 32°F and melt. Then as they fall closer to the surface, the air gets colder than 32°F. At this point they become supercooled water drops and will freeze on contact with power lines, sidewalks and streets, basically any object that is colder than 32°F. All of this is due to the warm layer of air in the mid levels of the atmosphere that melted the snow.
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18. Vapor pressure difference beteween supercooled waer and ice crytals.
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19. Deposition
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20. Liquid Capture and Coalescence
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21. Liquid Capture and Coalescence
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23. Impact of Interaction of Winds With Terrain on Precipitation
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24. Cold Rain
Cold Rain
Warm Rain
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29. Cold Rain
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