1. The Urinary System

2. Learning Objectives : Membuat peta konsep sistem ekskresi manusia
Mengidentifikasi komponen yang terlibat dalam sistem ekskresi manusia
Menggambar struktur ginjal
Menjelaskan proses pembentukan urine
Membedah serangga untuk diamati struktur alat ekskresinya
Menggambar struktur alat ekskresi serangga berdasarkan hasil pengamatan

3. Learning Objectives :
To make a concept map of excretory system in human
To identify components are involved in human excretory system
To draw kidney structure
To explain the formation of urine
To operate insect for observation its excretory organs structure
To draw structure of excretory organs based on observation result

4. Function Remove nitrogenous wastes
Maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance of blood
Homeostatic organ
Acts as blood filter
Release hormones: calcitriol & erythropoietin

5. Kidneys as Filters Diuretic- loose water; coffee, alcohol
Antidiuretic- retain water; ADH
Aldosterone- sodium & water reabsorption, and K+ excretion
GFR= 180 liters (50 gal) of blood/day
liters are reabsorbed back into blood
Excrete a protein free filtrate

7. Maintaining Chemical Homeostasis
The Urinary System

8. The Urinary System

9. General Functioning of the Kidney
blood
filtration
General Functioning of the Kidney
tubular reabsorption and secretion
urine
“refreshed” blood

10. Nitrogenous Wastes
urea
uric acid
ammonia

11. Organs of the Urinary System
kidneys
ureters
Organs of the Urinary System
urinary bladder
urethra

12. Human Kidney

13. Kidney Anatomy renal pyramids renal pelvis renal cortex renal capsule
renal medulla
renal capsule
ureter

14. nephron
renal artery
renal vein
Kidney Anatomy

15. Nephron Functioning blood filtration
tubular reabsorption and secretion
urine
“refreshed” blood

16. efferent arteriole
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
afferent arteriole
proximal convoluted tubule
artery
distal convoluted tubule
peritubular capillaries
loop of Henle
vein
collecting duct

17. renal cortex renal medulla
Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons and thousands of collecting ducts
Glomerulus
DCT
renal cortex
renal medulla
PCT
Collecting duct
Loop of Henle

18. Glomerular Filtration
efferent arteriole
afferent arteriole
Glomerular Filtration
Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
Filters blood; proteins can’t pass through

19. The Human Kidney & Nephron

20. How urine produced ??

21. Composition of Glomerular Filtrate
Water
Small Soluble Organic Molecules
Mineral Ions

22. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorbs: water, glucose, amino acids, and sodium.
65% of Na+ is reabsorbed
65% of H2O is reabsorbed
90% of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-)
50% of Cl- and K+

23. Loop of Henle
Creates a gradient of increasing sodium ion concentration towards the end of the loop within the interstitial fluid of the renal pyramid.
25% Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop
15% water is reabsorbed in the loop
40% K is reabsorbed in the loop

24. Distal Convoluted Tubule
Under the influence of the hormone aldosterone, reabsorbs sodium and secretes potassium. Also regulates pH by secreting hydrogen ion when pH of the plasma is low.
only 10% of the filtered NaCl and 20% of water remains

25. Collecting Duct Allows for the osmotic reabsorption of water.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)- makes collecting ducts more permeable to water-- produce concentrated urine

26. Urine Water- 95% Nitrogenous waste: urea uric acid creatinine Ions:
sodium
potassium
sulfate
phosphate
From the original 1800 g NaCl, only 10 g appears in the urine

27. How the kidney does its job!
Kidney Action
Blood enters Bowman’s capsule through a tiny artery — (the renal artery).
The artery branches to form a glomerulus.
Blood pressure forces some blood plasma and small particles into the surrounding capsule — (this is called the nephric filtrate).
Large particles such as blood cells and proteins remain in capillaries.
The nephric filtrate is pushed out of the capsule and into the proximal tubule .
This is where reabsorption begins.

28. From here, these components return to the bloodstream.
Kidney action (cont)
Only materials needed by the body are returned to bloodstream — for example, 99 % of water, all glucose and amino acids and many salts are reabsorbed.
Osmosis , diffusion, and active transport draw water , glucose , amino acids and ions from filtrate into surrounding cells.
Small villi like projections help in the active transport of glucose out of the filtrate and speed up the reabsorption process.
From here, these components return to the bloodstream.

29. Glucose and amino acids have been removed from the filtrate.
Kidney action (cont)
The filtrate reaches the end of the proximal tubule and the fluid is isotonic with the surrounding cells.
Glucose and amino acids have been removed from the filtrate.
The filtrate then moves to the loop of Henle whose primary function is to remove water from the filtrate by osmosis.

30. This causes water to be drawn from the filtrate.
Kidney action (cont)
There is in increase in sodium concentration in the cells of the loop of Henle as we move from the area of the cortex to the inner pelvis of the kidney.
This causes water to be drawn from the filtrate.
These high levels of sodium are a result of active transport and results in increased concentration of filtrate (due to water loss).

31. Why doesn’t water on outside go back in?
The water that left the descending loop cannot enter the ascending loop because it is impermeable to water.
As the water concentration in the filtrate decreases, the chlorine concentration increases and causes it to diffuse out of the tubule.
This process is helped by the electrical attraction of chlorine to sodium. .

32. Water (cont)
The filtrate moves to the distal tubule where tubular secretion occurs.
Active transport is used to pull hydrogen ions, creatinine, drugs such as penicillin out of the blood and into the filtrate.
Fluid from a number of nephrons moves from the distal tubules to a common collecting duct which carries what can now be called urine to the renal pelvis.

33. NOTE
Since the kidneys control what leaves and what remains in the nephrons, they maintain the levels of water, ions and other materials nearly constant and within the limits to maintain homeostasis.

35. Elaborate Exocrine/Endocrine Comparison Research ??????????
Exocrine/Endocrine System BINGO

36. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

37. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
high plasma solute concentration
low blood volume
heart receptors
hypothalamus

38. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone
collecting ducts

39. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

40. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
reduced blood pressure and glomerular filtrate
juxtaglomerular apparatus
renin

41. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
angiotensinogen
angiotensin I
renin
angiotensin II

42. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
angiotensin II
adrenal cortex
aldosterone
convoluted tubules

43. Urinary Bladder ureters internal sphincters external sphincters
urethra

44. Bladder Mucosa (transitional epithelium)
Muscular layer (detrusor muscle): 3 layers of smooth muscle
Fibrous adventia

45. Sphincter Muscles on Bladder
Internal urethral sphincter:
Smooth muscle
Involuntary control
More superiorly located
External Urethral sphincter:
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary control
Posteriorly located

46. Diuresis (Micturition)
When bladder fills with 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors transmit impulses to the CNS and produce a reflex contraction of the bladder (PNS)
When is incontinence normal?

47. Distension of the Urinary Bladder

48. Urinalysis Why do doctors ask for a urine sample? characteristics:
smell- ammonia-like
pH , ave 6.0
specific gravity– more than 1.0; ~
color- affected by what we eat: salty foods, vitamins

49. Odor odor- normal is ammonia-like
diabetes mellitus- smells fruity or acetone like due to elevated ketone levels
diabetes insupidus- yucky
asparagus---

50. pH- range ave 6.0
vegetarian diet- urine is alkaline
protein rich and wheat diet- urine is acidic

51. Color Color- pigment is urochrome
Yellow color due to metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin (by bile or bile pigments)
Beets or rhubarb- might give a urine pink or smoky color
Vitamins- vitamin C- bright yellow
Infection- cloudy

52. Specific Gravity Water: s.g. = 1g/liter; Urine: s.g. ~ 1.001 to 1.030
Pyelonephritus- urine has high s.g.; form kidney stones
Diabetes insipidus- urine has low s.g.; drinks excessive water; injury or tumor in pituitary

53. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
 Glucose- when present in urine condition called glycosuria (nonpathological) [glucose not normally found in urine]
Indicative of:
Excessive carbohydrate intake
Stress
Diabetes mellitus

54. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
Albumin-abnormal in urine; it’s a very large molecule, too large to pass through glomerular membrane > abnormal increase in permeability of membrane
Albuminuria- nonpathological conditions- excessive exertion, pregnancy, overabundant protein intake-- leads to physiologic albuminuria
Pathological condition- kidney trauma due to blows, heavy metals, bacterial toxin

55. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
Ketone bodies- normal in urine but in small amts
Ketonuria- find during starvation, using fat stores
Ketonuria is couples w/a finding of glycosuria-- which is usually diagnosed as diabetes mellitus
RBC-hematuria
Hemoglobin-
Hemoglobinuria- due to fragmentation or hemolysis of RBC; conditions: hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, burns or renal disease

56. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
Bile pigments-
Bilirubinuria (bile pigment in urine)- liver pathology such as hepatitis or cirrhosis
WBC-
Pyuria- urinary tract infection; indicates inflammation of urinary tract
Casts- hardened cell fragments, cylindrical, flushed out of urinary tract
WBC casts- pyelonephritus
RBC casts- glomerulonephritus
Fatty casts- renal damage

57. Summary so far…..
Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery at the site of the hilum
The renal artery divides in to ever smaller arteries and arterioles
Afferent arterioles take blood to the glomerulus to be filtered
Once blood is filtered efferent arterioles take blood away from the glomerulus
The PCT is concerned with reabsorption- organic nutrients are reabsorbed and water follows because there is a concentration gradient
The filtered substances move into the proximal convoluted tubule
Products which are filtered out: water, mineral salts, amino acids, glucose, hormones, urea, toxins
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries which filters the blood
Products which do not filter and remain in the blood: Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, plasma proteins
The remaining filtrate moves into the descending loop of henle. This is lined with thin cells so water moves out
Because water has been reabsorbed the concentration of the filtrate is not very high
The walls of the ascending loop of henle are lined with thicker cells, so water can’t pass in or out. Instead sodium and chloride is pumped out actively
The filtrate now enters the distal convoluted tubule- is it now only 20% of what it originally was.
A number of other nephrons join up to the cleectig duct which travels through the medulla to the renal papilla wher the filtrate is emptied in the minor calyx
In the DCT the volume and composition of the filtrate can be adjusted but this is controlled by hormones
From the DCT the filtrate now passes into the collecting duct.
4-5 minor calyces join up to make a major calyx
2-3 major calyces join up to form the renal pelvis
The renal pelvis joins the ureter at the hilum
The ureter transport the filtrate/urine from the kidney to the bladder

58. INQUIRY List several functions of the kidneys.
What does the glomerulus do?
What are several constitutes you should not find in urine?
What is specific gravity?
What two hormones effect fluid volume and sodium concentration in the urine?
Where are the pyramids located in the kidney?
What vessel directs blood into the glomerulus?
Where does most selective reabsorption occur in the nephron?