1. RECAP protista Platyhelminthes Nematoda

2. ANIMAL PHYLOGENY PROTOSTOMIA BILATRERIA ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
HEMICHORDATA
DEUTEROSTOMIA
ECHINODERMATA
ARTHROPODA
TARDIGRADA
ONYCHOPHORA
NEMATODA
ECDYSOZOA
NEMATOMORPHA
PRIAPULIDA
KINORHYNCHA
PROTOSTOMIA
BILATRERIA
ANIMALIA
BRYOZOA
BRACHIOPODA
PHORONIDA
ANNELIDA
LOPHOTROCHOZOA
MOLLUSCA
SIPUNCULIDA
PLATYHELMINTHES
PLACOZOA
CNIDARIA
PRE-BILATERIANS
PORIFERA
PROTISTA
MODIFIED FROM Valentine et al., 1999

3. Arthropoda joint-footed animals, exo-skeleton, segmented, molting
Whale lice
Anchor worm (copepod)
oyster pea crab
(Zaops ostreum),
parasite of oyster
(Crassostrea virginica).
Gill copepods

4. INSECTS/ARACHNIDS 6 legs-8 legs
Disease transmission
Blood feeding
True parasites
Definition on page 12 “An introduction”
Also see pages 39-51

5. ARTHROPOD VECTORS
Many parasites rely on arthropod vectors or intermediate hosts
Without these vectors, the parasites would quickly become extinct.
Include arthropod vectors in control programs for arthropod borne diseases.
(Intestinal) Protozoa
Malaria
African Trypanosomes
Trypanosoma cruzi
Leishmaniasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Dirofilaria immitis
Onchocerca volvulus
Loa loa
Dracunculis medinensis
Paragonimus westermani
Diphyllobothrium latum

6. ARTHROPOD VECTORS
(Intestinal) Protozoa Flies, Cockroaches (mechanical vectors)
Malaria Anopheles mosquito
African Trypanosomes Glossina spp. - The Tsetse fly
Trypanosoma cruzi Triatomid (Kissing) bugs
Leishmaniasis Phlebotomus spp. – Sandflies
Wuchereria bancrofti Mosquitos
Brugia malayi Mosquitos
Dirofilaria immitis Mosquitos
Onchocerca volvulus Simulium spp. - The Blackfly
Loa loa Chrysops (Fly)
Dracunculis medinensis Waterfleas (Crustaceans)
Paragonimus westermani Crabs, Prawns, etc (Crustaceans)
Diphyllobothrium latum Waterfleas

7. ARTHROPOD VECTORS
Mosquitos such as Aedes spp. may also carry Ross River Virus, Dengue and Yellow Fever, WNV etc.
Mites and ticks may carry Relapsing Fever, Spotted Fever, Lyme Disease and Typhus
Lice may carry Typhus.
Fleas: The Great Bubonic Plagues are sometimes blamed on the rats, while in fact it was the Egyptian rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis which transmitted the plague bacillus to humans.

8. BLOOD FEEDING Solenophagy:
blood from venules/veins (kissing bugs, mosquitoes, fleas, head lice)
Telmophagy: laceration of blood vessels, feeding from a pool of blood (deer flies, tsetse flies, ticks). Relatively more prone to secondary infections.
Tick mouth parts
Saliva contains anticoagulants, sedatives, inflammation inhibitors.
May protect transmitted parasites from host responses

9. TRUE PARASITES MITES (chelicerates, related to spiders) LICE FLEAS
FLIES botflies, screw worms

10. Scabies Sarcoptes scabei
Females deposit eggs at 2 to 3 day intervals as they burrow through the skin. 
Transmission occurs by the transfer of ovigerous females during personal contact.  Mode of transmission is primarily person to person contact, but transmission may also occur via fomites (e.g., bedding or clothing).  Mites are found predominantly between the fingers and on the wrists.  The mites hold onto the skin using suckers attached to the two most anterior pairs of legs.
Geographic Distribution: Scabies mites are distributed worldwide, affecting all races and socioeconomic classes in all climates.

11. hair follicle mite, Demodex sp.
The life cycle of human Demodex can be divided into five stages.
About 12 hours after mating, Demodex (0.1 mm to 0.4 mm) will lay its eggs which will hatch 60 hours later. After 36 hours of feeding, the demodex larva will molt into undeveloped protonymphs which move with sebum. After another 72 hours, they will molt again into nymphs which are stronger. They are now capable of climbing out of hair follicles and sebaceous glands to the surface of the skin. Another 60 hours later, they finally molt into adult demodex. It takes about 14 days to complete a whole life cycle.
The days lifespan of a female demodex is longer than that of a male
Human demodex is slow in motion, but this increases with temperature. It avoids light and is more active when its human host is sleeping. Most adult demodex crawl out of the hair follicle at this time to find mates to copulate at the openings.
It pierces with its pincers into its human host’s histocytes to feed, absorb nutrients from the hair follicles and sebaceous glands
Its secretion, excretion and dead bodies will accumulate in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Its activities will cause physio-chemical stimulation and local adverse reaction. There is some evidence linking demodex mites to some forms of the skin disease rosacea, possibly due to the bacterium Bacillus oleronius found in the mites. Some people believe that there is also a link to acne vulgaris, but there is little research to back this up.

12. Chigger larvae (harvest or scrub mites), Trombicula alfreddugesi
Chigger larvae (harvest or scrub mites), Trombicula alfreddugesi
do not burrow into the skin, nor suck blood.
They pierce the skin and inject saliva with digestive enzymes, liquefy tissues for ingestion.
Surrounding tissues harden, form a straw-like feeding tube (stylostome)

13. Pediculus humanus capitis
Pediculus humanus corporis
Pthirius pubis

15. Pulex irritans, a rare entertainer

16. Plague Yersinia pestis, a story of the flea Xenopsylla cheopis
Depending on geographical location, 20-80% of people died

17. Obligatory association
"FLY strike"
Obligatory association
Chrysomya bezziana  ‘Old World’ Africa, parts of the Middle East, New Guinea, and Southeast Asia and Cochliomyia hominivorax. ‘New World’ Central and South America.
Control by the “Sterile Insect Technique”

18. Botflies: Oestridae, a family of Oestroidea.
hairy flies whose larvae live as parasites within the bodies of mammals,
There are approximately 150 known species worldwide.

19. “torsalo” only species to regularly parasitize humans
Dermatobia hominis
“torsalo” only species to regularly parasitize humans