1. Regulations and Standards
What For ?
Why ?
What for and Why ? Plumbing materials are required by law to meet Minimum Standards. What would happen if there were none ? A 15mm elbow may not fit your 15mm pipe made by different manufacturer. So the standards , standardise everything.

2. Task
Write down as many British Standards and regulations that relate to plumbing
Water regulations
BS 8000 parts 13 and 15
BS 6700
Building regulations
Doc G, H, M, P, L,

3. British Standards Identified by BSI Kite mark BS 2871 Copper Tube
BS 5864 Copper Tube Fittings
Set up in 1901 for the construction industry, none before then ,many problems with fittings not fitting tube.
Plumbing materials must meet minimum standards

4. British Standards Working Practices ;
BS 6700, ‘Design, Installation, Testing and Maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their cartilages’
British Standards also cover WORKING PRACTICES.

5. Codes of Practice (CP) Recommend good practice
Used by Clients and Architects
CPs make recommendations related to good practice. Whilst not legal documents they are widely used by specifiers such as clients and architects

6. The Water Supply (water fittings) Regulations 1999
Replaced “Water Bylaws”
National, not Regional
Who made them ?
DEFRA
Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Apply to England and Wales ONLY. Covered in more detail latter.

7. European Standards Start with the letters EN then the number
Product made and checked under EC quality Control schemes
Identified by :
Letters EN 100 similar to British Standards but Controlled under European Law

8. International Standards
Products manufactured and quality checked to International Standards
Example :
ISO 9000 , covers standards of quality
Most big companies are classified under ISO, Quality in customer care etc

9. Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS)
Replaced, Water Bylaws Scheme
Advise Water Regulations
The ‘fittings and Material Directory’
WRAS, Formally the Water Bylaws scheme, Test and advise, produce fittings and materials directory which lists all Approved Fittings. Important guide to all who aim to comply with or enforce water regulations.

10. Water Regulations
An overview

11. Aims: Explain the need for Water Regulations.
Objectives: To understand why we need Water Regulations.

12. The Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Introduced the new water regulations
On the 1st July 1999

13. Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999
Who is responsible for the above regulations?
The Water Undertakers, such as Thames Water, Bristol Water and of course our area Yorkshire Water

14. The Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS)
Offer guidance on how to comply with the 1999 regulations.
These regulations apply to every installation in England and Wales supplied from a main

15. Why do we have Water Regulations?
To prevent:
Waste
Misuse
Undue consumption
Contamination
Erroneous (Wrong) measurement
Task
Task: list the reasons why we have water regulations
To prevent:
Waste
Misuse
Undue consumption
Contamination
Erroneous (Wrong) measurement

16. All Plumbers must comply with the regulations for:
All Installations.
Fittings and Materials.
Backflow and backsiphonage prevention.
Prevention of cross connection

17. Installers need to inform the Water Undertaker:
In writing, 10 working days before commencing any work.
Except domestic dwellings occupied by a family

18. Water Fluid categories of
Task
Clean drinking water.
Impaired quality.
Slight health hazard.
Significant health hazard.
Serious health hazard.

19. And now a short quiz

20. Key Plumbing Principles
Plumbing Materials
Pages 95 to 137
JTL Text Book

21. Properties of Materials
Mechanical: hardness, strength, stiffness, toughness, elasticity
magnetic
Thermal: thermal conductivity
The Properties of materials
Optical: transparency, reflectivity, refractivity
Electrical: electrical conductivity
Chemical: reactivity and solubility

22. Properties of Materials
Strength
The strength of a material is the extent to which it can withstand an applied force or load without breaking.
The load is expressed in terms of force per unit area (Newtons per metre N/m2)

23. Properties of Materials
Hardness:
Is a measure of its resistance to permanent or plastic deformation by scratching or indentation.
Measured on a Moh’s scale of 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond)
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Flourite
Apatite
Feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond

24. Properties of Materials
These can be in the form of:
Compression Force
Piers of a bridge or roof support
Tensile Force
Crane Cable
Shear Force
When materials are torn

25. Properties of Materials
Elasticity
All materials stretch to some extent when tensile force is applied to them
As loading continues, a point is reached when the material will no longer return to its original shape
on removal of the load, permanent deformation occurs; the material is said to have exceeded its elastic limit or yield stress, and is suffering plastic deformation.
Eventually, at maximum stress, the material reaches its breaking point
its ultimate tensile strength – and failure or fracture rapidly follows. This sequence is illustrated for a variety of materials below.

26. Properties of Materials
Mild steel has little elasticity but has the highest yield of stress
Cast iron is brittle- it has the least elasticity of the four samples and no ability to sustain plastic deformation
Copper has little elasticity but is the most ductile of the four samples.
Concrete – has little elasticity and the lowest tensile strength.

27. Properties of Materials
Task
The ability of a material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or squeezed
Elasticity
The exact opposite of elasticity – a material which does not return to its original shape when deformed
Plasticity
The ability of a material to withstand distortion without fracture, such as metal that can be drawn out into fine wire
Ductility
Elasticity:-The ability of a material to resume to it’s normal shape after being stretched or squeezed
Plasticity :- The exact opposite of elasticity- a material which does not return to its original shape when deformed
Ductility:- The ability of a material to withstand distortion without fracture.
E.G. copper can be drawn to form wire, which is used in all aspects of industry
Durability:- A metal’s ability to resist wear and tear
E.G. Cast iron, a very durable material, was used extensively in the plumbing industry, still in use today for soil pipes and decorative stoves etc
A material’s ability to resist wear and tear
Durability

28. Properties of Materials Cont’d
The melting point of a material, i.e. when a solid changes to a liquid
Fusibility
Malleability
The ability of a metal to be worked without fracture
Temper
The degree of hardness in a metal
Tenacity
Fusibility:- The melting point of a material
When a solid changes to a liquid
Malleability:- The ability of a material to be worked without fracture
E.G. Sheet copper
Lead sheet
Temper:- The degree of hardness in a metal
E.G. Cutting tools and gear parts
A material’s ability to resist being pulled apart
Thermal Expansion
The amount a material expands when heated

29. Pipework Materials Pressure Type of water Cost Bending and jointing
There is no pipework material that is suitable for all applications some perform better than others in relation to these factors:-
Pressure
Type of water
Cost
Bending and jointing
Corrosion resistance
Expansion and appearance
There are two main types that are used:-
Metal
Plastic

30. Pipework Materials Most other metals occur as ores
Metals rarely occur in their pure form. Those that do are normally valuable such as Gold
Most other metals occur as ores
They are compounds of the metal and have impurities
They have to be put through a process to remove those impurities.
They have to go through a smelting process
Read page 88 in your text book about the smelting process

31. Metals used in Plumbing
Task
Copper
Has been used as a material for over 100 yrs there are 4 types
R250 half hard (Grade x) used above ground able to bend with spring or machine
R220 soft (Grade W) used for micro bore systems
R250/220 (Grade Y) soft copper used for underground services
Grade Z thin wall cannot be bent easily
Task: name as many alloys that are used in the plumbing industry
Brass Copper and zinc Used for electrical contacts and corrosionresistant
fifi xings (screws, bolts etc.) and pipe
fifi ttings
Bronze Copper and tin Used for decorative or artistic purposes and
corrosion-resistant pumps
Solder Lead and tin, tin
and copper
Used for electrical connections
Used as a jointing material
Duralumin Aluminium,
magnesium,
copper and
manganese
Used in aircraft production
Gunmetal Copper, tin and
zinc
Used for underground corrosion-resistant
Figure 4.7

32. Metals used in Plumbing (Cont’d)
Steel, we use two types of steel
Low carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
LCS is made from iron and carbon manufactured to BS 1387
Three grades
Light thin wall larger bore
Medium medium wall medium bore
Heavy thick walls smaller bore

33. Metals used in Plumbing (Cont’d)
Stainless Steel
Most recently developed for water services
Complex alloy made up of the following:
Chromium 18%
Nickel 10%
Manganese %
Silicon 0.6%
Carbon %
Iron 79%
Traces of sulphur and phosporous

34. Metals used in Plumbing (Cont’d)
Has a shiny appearance
Is protected from corrosion by layer of chromium oxide
Produced in bores of 6mm to 35mm
Outside diameters similar to those of R250 cu tube

35. Stainless Steel Cont’d
Used in exposed pipework situations and sanitary appliances
Commonly used for:
Sink units
Urinal and supply pipework
Commercial kitchen discharge pipework

36. Metals used in Plumbing (Cont’d)
Lead
Used in the past for Sanitary and Rainwater pipework
Used for hot and cold pipework
Usage is now prevented for water services under the new model bylaws of 1986
Task
Task
What was and still is lead used for :

37. Lead Cont’d Lead is heavy
Used mainly now days for weathering’s on buildings

38. Now a progress check

39. Metals used in Plumbing (Cont’d)
Cast Iron
Is an alloy of iron and is approx 3% carbon
Used for above and below ground drainage
Very heavy but quite brittle
Can stand up to years of wear and tear

40. Cast Iron Cont’d You will probably come across it in older properties
when doing installations on
Commercial
Industrial buildings

41. Plastics commonly used in the plumbing industry
Bi products of the oil industry
Which process is used by the oil industry?
Fractional Distillation
Ethene (basis of the plastics industry)
Polymers (long chains of Ethene molecules) form =Poleythene
Add different Atoms/Molecules to Ethene , results in different plastic
Bi products when crude oil is refined.
petroleum gas to bitumen. Ethene also called Ethylene. Add different atoms/molecules (Catalysts) and heat and pressure to create different plastics.

42. Fractional Distillation

43. Plastics (Two main types)
1 Thermosetting
2 Thermoplastics
Thermosetting
Soft when first heated and moulded into shapes ?
Other mouldings are electrical tool casings

44. Thermoplastics Can be re-softened when heated
Most pipework we use made of this
Strong resistance to acids and alkalis
Low specific heat
Poor conductor of heat
Affected by sunlight
Low specific heat, good as hot water will reach its desired draw off point with less heat loss.
Poor conductor of heat, good as dead legs and long runs will cool less quickly. Affected by sunlight ,bad as this will cause embrittlement of the plastic called degradation.

45. Types of Thermoplastics
Polythene (commonly used on laboratory waste systems)
Blue Polyethylene (PE)
Black Polyethylene (PE)
Polybutylene (PB)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polythene, low and high density, max 80oC,use Chemical/Lab waste. Blue Polyethylene, use, below ground ,water supply [wholesome]. Black Polyethylene, use above ground water supply [wholesome] [blackpigment protects pipe from the sun. Polybutylene max temp 125oC HEP2O, hot cold and central heating, and fittings. Polypropylene, max temp 120oC,use discharge systems, traps, cwsc. Polyvinyl Chloride, max temp 65oC ,use Most common waste discharge, drainage, gutters. Unplasticed Polyvinyl Chloride,max temp 65oC, more rigid than pvc, use mainly cold water supply pipework. Acronitrile Butadiene Styrene ,max temp 90oC use small diameter discharge pipework and overflows.

46. Other Plastics Nylon Acrylic (Perspex) Poly Tetra Flora Ethylene ( ? )
Task
Nylon
Acrylic (Perspex)
Poly Tetra Flora Ethylene ( ? )
Polystyrene
Advantages and Disadvantages ?
Other Materials used in Plumbing Ind :
Ceramics and Glass
Write down where you would find these materials wihin the plumbing industry
Nylon, seals and traps.
Acrylic , bathroom accessories [baths basins].
PTFE Tape.
Polystyrene , insulation. Cylinders ,tanks and cisterns. Advantages, light weight, easy to install, bad conductors of heat so less heat loss, corrosion resistant, avoids need for fittings [elbows] that restrict flow of water. Disadvantages, not as strong as metal, will discolour, become brittle [ called degradation] in sun light.

47. And now a little Quiz
End of Lesson