1. DFC1023 PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROGRAM DESIGN
CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

2. AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Understand data and Identifier
State the definition of data.
Explain the data types: numeric and non-numeric.
Define Identifier, Variable and Constant and reserved word.
State the naming convention rules for Identifier.
Declare data types, variables and constants in programming language
Solve problems using operators
Explain Arithmetic, Relational and Logical operators
Write expression and solve problems

3. What is Data?
Data is a collection of numbers, characters, alphabets, and special symbols etc.
It can be processed to produce some meaningful information.
It also can be modified by the computer into useful forms for human beings.

4. Basic Data Type Data is divided into: Numeric Integer Float
Non Numeric
Character
String
Boolean

5. Basic Data Type Numeric Non Numeric Contains all types of numbers.
Data which can be used for calculation.
Contains all types of non-numbers.
INTEGER
All positive and negative numbers including zero and no decimal place. Example: 0, +1, -10.
Integers are used to represent the counting of things.
Example: Numbers of month in a year (1,2,3…)
CHARACTER
Consists of all letters, numbers and special symbols.
Characters are surrounded by single quotation mark (‘ ‘).
Example: ‘A’, ‘m’,’=’, ‘#’, ‘1’ or ‘ ‘.
FLOAT
Contains all real numbers.
The number will be stored in floating point.
Used for metric measurement, temperature and price.
Example: 1.0, , 20.30, 36.7.
STRING
A combination of one or more characters.
A string is surrounded by double quotation marks (“ “).
Example: (“WELCOME TO COSMOPOINT”) or (“8758”).
BOOLEAN (LOGICAL VALUE)
Used in making yes-or-no decisions (T or F).
Example: To check 2 integers using If…Else control structure.

6. Basic Data Type int int is used to define integer numbers. int Count;
USES
EXAMPLE CODE
int
int is used to define integer numbers.
int Count;
Count = 5;
float
float is used to define floating point numbers.
float Miles;
Miles = 5.6;
double
A double is used to define BIG floating point numbers. It reserves twice the storage for the number.
double Atoms;
Atoms= ;
char
A char defines characters.
char Letter;
Letter = 'x';

7. Identifier
IDENTIFIER is words used to represent certain program entities (variables, function names, etc).
Example:
int my_name;
my_name is an identifier used as a program variable
void CalculateTotal(int value)
CalculateTotal is an identifier used as a
function name
FP101Programming Fundamentals with C++

8. Variable
VARIABLE is identifier whose value can change during the course of execution of a program
Variable is a specified location in memory which:
we can refer to by an identifier
value can be stored but the data value that can be change while the program is running.
declaring a variable means specifying both its name and its data type.
Example: int size1, numbers;

9. Constant
CONSTANTS are values that do not change during program execution.
Also called named constants or read-only variables.
Entities that appear in the program code as fixed values and any attempt to modify a constant will result in error.
Declared using the const qualifier.
Must be initialized with a constant expression when they are declared and cannot be modified thereafter
Example: const int size = 5;

10. Naming convention rules for identifier
They are formed by combining letters, digits & underscores.
Blank space is not allowed in an identifier.
The first character of an identifier must be a letter.
valid
invalid
reason
Monthly_Salary
Monthly Salary
Blank space cannot be used
Month1
1stMonth
Digit cannot be used as a first character
_add
Special characters cannot be used

11. Naming convention rules for identifier
Example
Can contain a mix of character and numbers. However it cannot start with a number
H2o
First character must be a letter or underscore
Number1,
_area
Can be of mixed cases including underscore character
XsquAre
my_num
Cannot contain any arithmetic operators
R*S+T
… or any other punctuation marks
Cannot be a C keyword/reserved word
struct; cout;
Cannot contain a space
My height
… identifiers are case sensitive
Tax != tax

12. Naming convention rules for identifier
Valid
Invalid
Comment X
“x”
Illegal character
Gross_Pay
Gross pay
Illegal blank
Hourly_rate
Hourly-rate
Illegal character -
name
Illegal
sumx2
2sumx
Illegal 1st character

13. Declare Data Types, Variables and Constant in Programming Language
A declaration tells the compiler to allocate enough memory to hold a value of this data type and to associate the identifier with this location.
Before use, variables must be declared to tells the compiler the type of data to store.
Declaration syntax:
Data_Type identifier_name;

14. Declare Data Types, Variables and Constant in Programming Language
Declaration Examples:
int age, num_students;
int cars_waiting;
float taxRateY2K, AverageNumber;
double average, m_score, total_score;
double moon_distance;
char middleInitial;

15. Two locations for variable declarations:
Declare Data Types, Variables and Constant in Programming Language
Two locations for variable declarations:
main()
{ … …
int sum, score1, score2; sum = score1 + score 2; … }
main()
{ int sum, score1, score2; …
… sum = score1 + score2; … }
a) Immediately prior to use
b) At the beginning

16. Declare Data Types, Variables and Constant in Programming Language
Declaring a variable does not give it a value.
Giving a variable its first value is initializing the variable.
Method 1: Variables are initialized in assignment statements double mpg; // declare the variable mpg = 26.3; // initialize the variable
Method 2: Declaration and initialization can be combined using two methods:
Method 1:
double mpg = 26.3, area = 0.0 , volume;
Method 2:
double mpg(26.3), area(0.0), volume;

17. Variables Declaration with Data Types Integer
Used to declare numeric program variables of integer type includes positive, negative and zero numbers.
Keyword: int
Syntax:
Example code :
Sample values:
int identifier_name;
int number;
number = 12;

18. Variables Declaration with Data Types Float
Float is a floating point numbers with maximum 6 decimal place.
Keyword: float
Syntax:
Example code:
Sample values:
float identifier_name;
float height;
height = 1.72;

19. Variables Declaration with Data Types Double
Double is a floating point numbers with maximum 15 decimal place and long double (19 place decimal).
Used to declare floating point variable of higher precision or higher range of numbers.
Examples are exponential numbers, positive and negative
keyword: double
Code example:
double valuebig;
valuebig = 12E-3;

20. char name_identifier;
Variables Declaration with Data Types Character
character
Example of characters:
Numeric digits: 0 - 9
Lowercase/uppercase letters: a - z and A - Z
Space (blank)
Special characters: , . ; ? “ / ( ) [ ] { } * & % ^ < > etc
Syntax:
Keyword: char
Example code:
Sample values:
‘B’ ‘d’ ‘4’ ‘?’ ‘*’
The declared character must be enclosed within a single quote!
char name_identifier;
char gred;
gred = ‘A’;

21. FP101 Programming Principles
Variables Declaration with Data Types String
String
String is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.
The empty string (null string) contains no characters and is written as “ ”.
keyword: string
To declare a variable of type string:
Sample values:
“Hello” “Year 2000” “1234”
string greeting=“Hello”;
Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language

22. bool name_identifier;
Variables Declaration with Data Types Boolean
Boolean
Boolean is a new addition to C++.
Boolean values are either true or false.
Keyword: bool
Syntax:
To declare a variable of type bool:
bool name_identifier;
bool booleanVar = true;

23. FP101 Programming Principles
Constant Declaration
A named constant is a location in memory that we can refer to by an identifier.
The data value that cannot be changed is stored.
There are two methods to declare a constants:
a) by using cons
b) by using #define
preprocessor directives
A character constant must be enclosed in a single quotation mark
Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language

24. Constant Declaration – Method 1
Example of valid constant declaration:
Enumeration are the values are given as a list.
Example:
const char letter = ‘n’;
const string STARS = “****”;
const float NORMAL_TEMP = 98.6;
const int VOTING_AGE = 18;
const float MAX_HOURS = 40.0;
enum Language
{ Malay, English, Arabic };

25. Constant Declaration - Method 2
You may also associate constant using #define preprocessor directive.
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
#define pi 3.412
void main(void) {
double height, radius, base, volume;
cout <<“Enter the height and radius of the cone:”;
cin >>height >> radius;
base = pi * radius * radius;
volume = (1.0/3.0) * base * height;
cout <<“\nThe volume of a cone is ” << volume; }

26. How data is stored in computer memory based on data and identifier declaration?

27. AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Solve problems using operators
Explain Arithmetic, Relational and Logical operators
Write expression using operators
Solve problems using expressions

28. Operators in a Program
Operators are symbols used to represent computer operations.
These symbols have one or more special characters defined by programming language.
The operations that can be operated on variables are:
Arithmetic operation
Assignment operation
Relational operation
Logical operation

29. Operators in a Program Arithmetic Operators
Calculation operation that can be done on data in variables
Arithmetic operators include the familiar addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/) operations.
In addition there is the modulus operator (%) which gives the remainder left over from a division operation.

30. Operators in a Program Arithmetic Operators
Variables usually can be increased or decreased by 1.
For example, C language and Java has provided operator to add or subtract 1 from variable values.
This operators are called Increment and Decrement.
The symbols are:
Symbol
Operation ++
– –
Add 1
Subtract 1
Notes:
x++ can also be written as x = x + 1
y– – can also be written as y = y – 1

31. Operators in a Program Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to combine the '=' operator with one of the binary arithmetic operators.
Examples expression using assignment operators:
c = c + 3
d = d - 4
e = e * 5
g = g % 9
f = f / 3

32. FP101 Programming Principles
Operators in a Program
Relational Operators
The relational operators compare values to one other.
All of the relational operators result in a Boolean value.
Expression that consist relational operator will return the value 1 if true and 0 if it false.
Relational operator can be divided into 2 groups:
Not Equivalent Group
Equivalent Group
Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language

33. Greater than or equals to
Operators in a Program
Not Equivalent Group
Not equal is an expression that consists relational operator that will return the value of 1, if the relation is true and 0 if it is false.
Symbols:
Example:
a = 10, b = 2;
c = a > b;
d = (b * 3) > a;
Symbol
Operators
>
>=
<
<=
Greater than
Greater than or equals to
Less than
Less than or equals to
Variable c will have 1 as value because relation (10 > 2) is true, while variable d will have 0 because relation (6 < 0) is false.

34. Operators in a Program 2. Equivalent Group
Equivalent is an expression that consists of relational operator that will return 1 if the relation is true and 0 if false.
Symbols:
Example:
a = 10;
b = 2;
c = a != b;
d = (b * 5) == a;
Symbol
Operators == !=
Equal to
Not equal to
Variable c will have 1 as value because relation (10! = 2) is true, and variable d will have 1 as value because relation (2 * 5 == 10) is also true.

35. Operators in a Program Logical operators
The three logical operators (AND, OR and NOT) are as follows: 
AND (&&) : Returns true only if both operand are true.
OR (||) : Returns true if one of the operand is true.
NOT (!) : Converts false to true and true to false.
Symbol
Operators
&& || !
AND OR
NOT

36. Operators in a Program Logical operators
Expression that consist logic operator will return the value 1 if the relation is true and 0 if it false.
The Truth Table below shows the definition of C languages for logical operator: P Q
P&&Q
P||Q !P !Q 1

37. Operators in a Program Logical operators Example 1: If x = 2 and y = 3
Expression
Value a
a = x && y
a = (x > 0) && (y > 0)
a = (x < y) && (y == 0)
a = x || y
a = (x !0) || (y != 0)
a = (x == y) || (y == 0)
a = ! (x == y)
a = ! (x < y) 1

38. Operators in a Program Logical operators Operator Operator's Name
Example
Result
&&
AND
3>2 && 3>1
3>2 && 3<1
3<2 && 3<1 || OR
3>2 || 3>1
3>2 || 3<1
3<2 || 3<1 !
NOT
!(3==2)
!(3==3)

39. Operators in a Program
All operators (for example in C language) can be combined into one expression.
Notes below shows the priorities set for all operators, that has been discussed before:
Operations
( ) Highest priority
! ++ – –
* / %
+ –
< <= > >=
= = !=
&& ||
= Lowest priority

40. Operators in a Program Write expression using operators Example:
Expression x + y == z && m – n will be defined as below:
+ operation gets highest priority in the expression. Then, followed by – operation and then == operation. The last operation done is && because it has the lowest priority.
( x + y ) == z && m – n
( x + y ) == z && ( m – n )
( ( ( x + y ) == z ) && ( m – n ) )
( ( x + y ) == z ) && ( m – n )

41. Operators in a Program Given x = 8, y = 6. Find the value for: x++ x--
x < y && x > y
x + 2 == 0 || y – x > 0
y + 3 > 0 && x < y

42. FP101 Programming Principles
Operators in a Program
Get the answer for the following questions:
2 * / 1
12 % 5 - 1
4 + (7 - 3) * 3
( 2 * 4 ) * 2 – (6 +2) / 8
Find x value from the questions: Given a = 2 and b = 4;
x = (a != 0) || (b != 0)
x = (a == 0) || (b == 0)
x = !(a == b)
x = !(a < b)
Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language

43. AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Apply program control structure
Control structure in problem solving: Sequence, Selection and Repetition
Illustrate flow of control structure using pseudo code and flow chart
Write pseudo code and flow chart using control structure
Analyze problem and design algorithm for a given case study

44. Program Control Structure
In 1966, two researchers, C. Bohn and G. Jacopini, demonstrated that any algorithm can be described using only 3 control structures: 
Sequence control structure
Selection/decision control structure
If……endif
If……else
Nested if
Switch
Looping control structure
For
While
Do……while

45. Sequence Control Structure
In this control, every step will be executed one by one from top to bottom.
Every box in control structure is a process. Every process is done sequentially
The beginning and end of a block of statements can be optionally marked with the keywords begin/start and end.

46. Sequence Control Structure
Format:
Pseudocode:
Start
Statement A;
Statement B;
End
Flowchart:
Start
Statement A
Statement B
End

47. Sequence Control Structure
PROBLEM:
Compute the total overtime wages of an employee.
Problem Analysis:
Input:
Hours, Basic_salary, OT_rate
Process:
1) calculate overtime using formula:
Overtime = OT_rate * Hours
2) calculate salary using formula:
Salary = Basic_salary + Overtime
Output:
Salary

48. Sequence Control Structure
Algorithm:
Enter Hours, Basic_salary, OT_rate
Calculate overtime using formula: Overtime = OT rate * Hours
Calculate salary using formula: Salary = Basic_salary + Overtime
Display Salary
Pseudocode:
Start
Input Hours, Basic_salary, OT_rate;
Overtime = OT_rate * Hours;
Salary = Basic_salary + Overtime;
Display Salary;
End

49. Sequence Control Structure
Flowchart
START
Input Hours, Basic_salary, OT_rate
Overtime = OT_rate * Hours
Output Salary
END
Salary = Basic_salary + Overtime

50. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Usually used in structured programming.
Control structure will execute an instruction based on result of a condition or comparison, the result either TRUE or FALSE.
If the condition result is true, the control program will execute the instruction within the TRUE loop operation.
Otherwise, it will execute the next instruction or the instruction within the FALSE loop operation.

51. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Type of selection / decision control structure:
If……endif
If……else
Nested if
Switch

52. Selection / Decision Control Structure
If……endif Rules:
If (condition)
Instruction (do this instruction if condition is true)
Endif
If condition is not true, no instruction will be executed

53. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Flowchart
Pseudocode:
If (condition)
True statement
Endif
START
Condition
Statement
END
False
True

54. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Problem
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
Pseudocode:
if ( grade >= 60 )
print “ Passed”
endif

55. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Flowchart

56. Selection / Decision Control Structure
2) IF…….Else
Rules:
If (condition)
True statement
Else
False statement
Endif

57. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Flowchart
START
Condition
END
False
True
Statement 2
Pseudocode:
If (condition)
True statement
Else
False statement
Endif
Statement 1

58. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Problem
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed” else Print “Failed”
Pseudocode:
if ( grade >= 60 )
print “ Passed”
else
print “ Failed”
endif

59. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Flowchart

60. Selection / Decision Control Structure
NESTED IF
There are 3 types:
Type 1:
If (condition1)
If (condition2)
If (condition3)
True statement
Endif

61. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Type 2:
If (condition1)
If (condition2)
If (condition3)
Statement that will be executed if condition1, condition2 and condition3 are true
Else
Statement that will be executed if condition1, and condition2 are true but condition3 is false
Endif
Statement that will be executed if condition1 is true but condition2 and condition3 is false
Statement that will be executed if condition1 is false

62. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Type 3:
If (condition1)
Statement that will be executed if condition 1 is true
Else
If (condition 2)
Statement that will be executed if condition2 is true but condition1 is false
If (condition3)
Statement that will be executed if condition3 is true but condition1 and condition2 are false
Statement that will be executed if condition1, condition2 and condition3 are false
Endif
End if

63. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Problem
Pseudo code
If (grade >=90)
Print “A”
Else If (grade >=80)
Print “B”
Else If (grade >=70)
Print “C”
Else If (grade >=60)
Print “D”
Else
Print “F”

64. Selection / Decision Control Structure
SWITCH
Rules:
switch (expression)
case condition1 : Instruction
statement
break
case condition2 : Instruction
default

65. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Example

66. Selection / Decision Control Structure
Start
Enter Grade
Grade== A
Print “Excellent”
break
Grade== B
Print “Above Average”
Grade== C
Print “Average” Y N
End
Grade== D
Print “Below Average”
Flowchart
Selection / Decision Control Structure
Print “Error”

67. Repetition
Problem : Develop a program to print “FP101 is easy” for 5 times without looping.
Solution:
Understand the problem: repeat print “FP101 is easy” 5 times.
1. Problem Analysis:
Input: None
Proses: None
Output: print “FP101 is easy” for 5 times

68. Repetition 4. Flow Chart 2. Algorithm: 3. Pseudocode:
1. print “FP101 is easy” for 5 times.
3. Pseudocode:
START
print “FP101 is easy” for 5 times;
END
START
Print “FP101 is easy”
END

69. 3 basic types of Repetition Control:
From one number to another number and increases/decrease by a specified value each time
for loop
The while loop can be used if we don’t know how many times a loop must run.
while loop
DO..WHILE loops are useful for things that want to repeat at least once.
do … while loop
for ( variable initialization; end condition; variable update ) {
Repeat statement process }
while ( condition ) {
Process repeat
while the condition
is true } do {
do repeat statement
} while ( condition );

70. FP101 Programming Principles
3 basic types of Repetition Control:
Flow Chart
while
do-while
For
Start
Start
Start is
i < 10?
print i
i = i+1
i = 0
i = 0
i = 0 is
i < 10?
print i
i = i+1 No
i++
Yes
Yes
Print i
i < 10? No
Yes
End No
End
End
Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Programming Language

71. Case Study
Problem : Develop a program can print “FP101 is easy” for 5 times using looping.
Solution:
Understand the problem:
repeat print “FP101 is easy” 5 times .

72. 1.Solution using For Control Loop
1. Problem Analysis:
Input:
None
Process:
print “FP 101 is easy” repeat until the condition (5 times) to exit the loop is met
Output:
print “FP101 is easy”
2. Algorithm:
1. Set n = 0
2. Check condition (n < 5)
If true,
print “FP101 is easy”.
Go to step 3.
If false, process will end.
3. Increase counter using formula :
n = n + 1
Go to step 2.

73. 1. Solution using For Control Loop
3. Psedocode:
Start
For (n=0; n<5; n++) {
print “FP101 is easy”; }
End
4. Flow Chart
Start
n = 0
n++
Yes
Print “FP101 is easy”
n< 5? No
End

74. 2.Solution using While control loop
1. Problem Analysis:
Input:
None
Process:
print “FP 01 is easy” repeat until the condition (5 times) to exit the loop is met
Output:
print “FP101 is easy”
2. Algorithm:
1. Set n=0
2. Check condition (n < 5)
If true,
print “FP101 is easy”.
Go to step 3.
If false, process will end.
3. Increase counter using formula :
n = n+1
Go to step 2.

75. 2. Solution using While Control Loop
4. Flow Chart
3. Psedocode:
Start
Set n = 0;
While (n < 5) {
print “FP101 is easy”;
n++; }
End while
End
Start
n = 0 is
n < 5? No
Yes
print “FP101 is easy”
n = n+1
End

76. 3. Solution using do…While control loop
1. Problem Analysis:
Input:
None
Process:
print “FP 01 is easy” repeat until the condition (5 times) to exit the loop is met
Output:
print “FP101 is easy”
2. Algorithm:
1. Set n = 0
2. Print “FP101 is easy”.
3. Increase counter using formula :
n = n+1
4.Check condition (n < 5)
If true, Go to step 2.
If false, process will end.

77. 3. Solution using do…While Control Loop
4. Flow Chart
Start
3. Psedocode: Start Set n = 0; Do { print “FP101 is easy”; n++; } While (n < 5) End
n = 0 is
n < 5?
print “FP101 is easy”
n = n+1
Yes No
End

78. ~~THANK YOU~~ http://www.learncpp.com/#Chapter2
THE END
~~THANK YOU~~