1. A JOURNEY INSIDE MATTER LEAD BY PHYSICS NOBEL PRIZE winners

2. Introduction: ALFRED NOBEL (1833-1896)
Chemical engineer
Dynamite’s inventor
Committed pacifist
One of the biggest maecenas for humankind
He died in San Remo, Italy, in 1896.
At the end of the century, his project about realizing a foundation to award a prize for researches in scientific and literary fields was instituted.
In 1901 “Nobel Foundation” awarded first five Nobel Prizes.
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

3. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

4. 1901: Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen 1845-1923 Munich University
The first physicist who won a Nobel Prize
Discovery of X-rays
Official Motivation:
“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

5. 1903 Antoine Henry BECQUEREL – France, Pierre CURIE – France, Marie (Sklodowska) CURIE–France, 1867(in Warsaw, Poland)-1934
Discovery of radioactivity
Research into radioactivity
Official motivation:
“in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by professor Henri Becquerel”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

6. 1906: J. J. THOMSON Great Britain - (1856-1940) Cambridge University
1895: discovery of the electron.
In his famous experiment he proved that new particles, indicated by the sign e-, were deviated by electric and magnetic fields and that one could measure the ratio e/m of their electric charge to their mass.
“…in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.”
P.S. In 1908 Ernest RUTHERFORD, who had proposed a new model of the atom, won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry (never in Physics).
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

7. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

8. 1918: Max Planck Germany – (1858-1947) Berlin University
Theoretical physicist
1900: E=hν
h is a very small constant which is the keystone to all quantum mechanics, under the name of PLANCK`s CONSTANT
h= J.s
Official motivation
“in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

9. 1921: Albert Einstein Ulm, Germany – ( ) Kaiser Wilhelm Institute(now Max Planck Institute) fur Physik, Berlin
1905: Photoelectric effect – discovery of PHOTON
As Planck, also Einstein received Nobel Prize many years after his works. It indicates the prudence of Nobel Prize Committee about new and revolutionary theories.
He did not received N.P. for Relativity Theory!
Official motivation
“…for his services to theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”.
…it is very easy to recognize the man on the right, but who is the man on the left?
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

10. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

11. 1922: Niels Bohr Denmark – (1885-1962) Copenhaguen University
Pacifist
He took an active part in 1955 at the first conference in Geneva on Atoms for Peace
Founder Member of CERN
Official motivation
“for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”.
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

12. 1923: Robert Millikan U.S.A. (1868-1953) California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
“…for his work on the
elementary charge of
electricity and on the
photoelectric effect.”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

13. 1932: Werner Heisenberg Germany – (1901-1976) Leipzig University
Established his uncertainty rules.
“…for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

14. 1935: James Chadwick Great Britain (1891-1974) Liverpool University
Experimental physicist
Official motivation
“ for the discovery of the NEUTRON”
The neutron was discovered in 1932, only three years before!
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

15. 1936: Carl Anderson U.S.A. 1905-1991 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
“…for his discovery of the POSITRON…”
The positron was discovered the same year of the neutron
In 1928 Paul Dirac (Nobel Prize in 1933) had announced the existence of this particle of “antimatter”, the positive version of the electron, symbolised by e+.
Victor Hesse
Austria
Innsbruck University
“…for his discovery of cosmic radiation.”
Carl Anderson
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

16. 1939: Ernest Lawrence U.S.A Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA
Experimental physicist
“…for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements.”
The 1940 Nobel Award Ceremony for E. O.
Lawrence at Wheeler Hall at the University of
California, Berkeley. Awarding the prize is
Swedish Consul General with U.C.President
Robert Sproul is looking on.
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

17. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

18. 1949: Hideki Yukawa Japan 1907-1981 Kyoto Imperial University and Columbia University, New York, NY
In 1935 he proposed the existence of a particle as the carrier of the force that gripped neutrons and protons in the nucleus. This was called a PI-MESON, or PION, labeled π.
π mesons exist in three different charge conditions: π +, π -, π 0, depending upon whether they carry positive, negative or no electrical charge respectively, and their masses are almost identical to one another
Official motivation
“for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”.
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

19. 1959 Emilio Segre` - U.S.A. 1905(Tivoli, Italy)-1989 Owen Chamberlain – U.S.A Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley,CA
“…for their discovery of the antiproton”
1905 at Bevatron - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Emilio Segre`
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

20. 1960: Donald Glaser U.S.A. 1926 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley,CA
“…for the invention of Bubble Chambers”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

21. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

22. 1965 Richard Feynman U.S.A California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA Julian Schwinger U.S.A Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Japan Tokyo University, Japan
QED: quantum electro-dynamics
Feynman diagrams
“…for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with profound consequences for the physics of elementary particles.”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

23. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

24. 1969: Murray Gell-Mann U.S.A. 1929 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
“…for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.”
In 1960 Y. Ohnuki suggested that LIE`s algebra of groups (that was formulated in the nineteenth century by the Norwegian mathematician SOPHUS LIE) could be applied to elementary particles and, in the following years Salam, Ne`eman and Gell-Mann developed the principal results.
This theory, known under the name SU3 (transformation by unitary matrices in three dimensions), gives very consistent results, and was justified two years later by the discovery of the Ω- particle which it had predicted.
its geometric aspect is attractive and the mathematical methods which it proposes for breaking up an assembly into groups can be applied in all fields and at all levels.
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

25. WHO ARE THEY?
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

26. 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow - U. S. A
1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow - U.S.A Lyman Laboratory, Harvard university, Cambridge, MA Abdus Salam - Pakistan 1926 International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, and Imperial College of Science and Technology, London Steven Weinberg - U.S.A Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
“…for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current.”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

27. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

28. 1984 Carlo Rubbia – Italy 1934 Simon Van Der Meer – Netherlands 1925 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
“…for their decisive contributions to the large project which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

29. 15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

30. 1988 Leon M Lederman – U.S.A Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL Melvin Schwartz - U.S.A Stanford University, Stanford, CA Jack Steinberger - U.S.A (in Bad Kissingen, FRG) CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
“…for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon-neutrino.”
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

31. The man on the left is…
Charlie Chaplin
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001

32. The two persons are …
Have a good look at the two previous photographs!!!
…GELL-MANN and FEYNMAN
15 November 2018
CERN HST 2001