1. The Treaty of Versailles

2. THE TREATY of VERSAILLES
Punish Germany JUNE 28, 1919
1. Territorial losses - overseas territories, and land in France
                           

3. THE TREATY of VERSAILLES
Punish Germany JUNE 28, 1919
2. Military restrictions - limits army, forbids navy and air force
                           

4. THE TREATY of VERSAILLES
Punish Germany
JUNE 28, 1919
1. Territorial losses - overseas territories, and land in France
2. Military restrictions - limits army, forbids navy and air force
3. War guilt clause - sole responsibility for war, $33 billion in war reparations
4. League of Nations formed - Germany, Russia excluded
                           

5. THE TREATY of VERSAILLES
“A flawed peace”
GERMANY: humiliated, blamed for war, no way to pay back reparations
RUSSIA: Russia excluded from League, high casualties, loss of territory
GLOBAL Self Determination: NO support for Constitutional government in SE Asia
                           

6. The Costs of World War I

7. “War doesn’t determine who is right, only who is left”

8. Germany's defeat, 11 November 1918
With the failure of the Ludendorf Offensive, and with the exhausted state of Germany, the German generals recognised that it was time to sue for peace with the Allies. The Kaiser was forced to abdicate on the 8th November and a new democratic republic was established.
But how would the Allies deal with a defeated Germany?

9. KAISER WILHELM ii AND IMPERIAL GERMANY
On 8th November 1918, Imperial Germany came to an end when a democratic republic was established. Though it was intended to have Wilhelm tried as a ‘war criminal’ he was eventually allowed to spend the rest of his life in exile in the Netherlands. He died in 1941.

10. Allies Great Britain, France, Russia, U.S 43, 749, 850
TROOPS MOBILIZED
                           
Allies Great Britain, France, Russia, U.S 43, 749, 850
Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
24, 249,421

11. 26 million deaths (½ civilians from starvation, disease, exposure)
THE COSTS of WAR
26 million deaths (½ civilians from starvation, disease, exposure)
20 million wounded
10 million became displaced refugees
                           

12. Historians estimate economic costs of World War I at $350 billion!!
THE COSTS of WAR
4 years and 30 countries
                           
Historians estimate economic costs of World War I at $350 billion!!

13. David Lloyd-George [Great Britain]
Woodrow Wilson [USA]
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando [Italy]
Georges Clemenceau [France]

14. The BIG FOUR
Great Britain: David Lloyd George “make Germany pay!” Italy: Vittorio Oralando Austrian land claims France: Georges Clemenceau prevent future invasions United States: Woodrow Wilson post war peace
                           

15. Wilson's 14 Points

16. WILSON’S PEACE PLAN “Fourteen Points” - January 1918
                           
No secret alliances/treaties Freedom of the seas Lower tariffs to foster trade Arms reduction ( to lessen militaristic impulses) Self-determination of colonies

17. The Goals of France and Great Britain
Wilson’s Goals
vs.
The Goals of France and Great Britain

18. France and Great Britain Punish Germany!!!
                           
France and Great Britain Punish Germany!!!

19. Wilson’s GOAL Lasting peace; world peace keeping organization
                           

20. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919 REVENGE ON GERMANY
The Treaty was designed to cripple Germany militarily, territorially and economically
REVENGE ON GERMANY
WAR GUILT CLAUSE
GERMANY’S MILITARY FORCES REDUCED
NO UNION WITH AUSTRIA
Germany had to accept blame for starting WW1
- Army restricted to 100,000 men.
- No modern weapons such as tanks, military air force.
- Navy could not have battle ships over 10,000 tons and no U-Boats.
REPARATIONS
THE TERMS
OF THE TREATY OF
VERSAILLES
1919
Germany forced to pay massive fine for war damages - 1,000,000,000 Marks (6.6bn pounds).
GERMAN OVERSEAS TERRITORRIES
RHINELAND TO BE DE-MILITARISED
Germany lost Chinese ports [Amoy and Tsingtao], Pacific Islands, and African colonies [Tanganika and German SW Africa].
GERMAN NATIONAL TERRITORY
Germany lost national territory which was given to Belgium and Denmark, France(Alsace Lorraine) and Poland.

21. 1914--------------------1919

22. The map of Europe was redrawn
The Great War was to see the collapse of four continental empires. These were to be replaced by new nation states.

23. German Territorial Losses

24. League of Nations Mandates in Africa

25. A British newspaper cartoon, by David Low.
Source 1:
A British newspaper cartoon, by David Low.
SOURCE WORK: 1) First, describe the storyline shown in the cartoon. 2) Then, relate the political message intended by the cartoonist – what does the horse represent, what does the cart represent, why is it stuck in the air, who are the two men, why is one carrying a whip and one a shovel – what is the political message ?
What does the horse represent?
Why is Briand holding a whip?
What is this referring to?
Briand, French Prime Minister
Why is the cart up-ended?
‘Perhaps it would gee-up better if we let it touch earth.’
Why is a shovel left here?
Lloyd-George, British Prime Minister
Why is Lloyd-George holding a shovel?
What is meant by the caption?

26. Vengeance! German Nation Source 5:
Today in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles the disgraceful Treaty is being signed. Do not forget it! The German people will with unceasing labour press forward to reconquer the place among nations to which it is entitled. Then will come the vengeance for the shame of 1919.
From the ‘Deutsche Zeitung’ [‘The German Express’] newspaper.
Source 5:
Source 7:
Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for the dead.
By Adolf Hitler, who had served in the army and became a future leader of Germany

27. Other Post War Treaties

28. The Middle East in 1914

29. Sykes-Picot Agreement: 1916