1. Ottoman Empire and Decline (1300-1920)

2. Main Idea
The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted more than 600 years.
Many modern societies, from Algeria to Turkey, had their origins under Ottoman rule.

3. Extent of Ottoman Empire

4. Attributes of Ottomans
Allowed religious tolerance
Embraced cultural diversity
How is this different from previous civilizations that we have covered?
Positives?
Negatives?

5. Siege of Constantinople
Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror)
Significance: brought a formal end to the Roman Empire with the fall of the Byzantine Empire
Today known as Istanbul

6. Case Study: Hagia Sophia

7. What is It? Built by Constantine What city is it in?
Originally a Christian church
Eventually converted to a Muslim mosque after Ottoman takeover

9. Virgin Mary with Child (12th Century)

10. 19th Century Restorations

11. The Ottoman Empire in Decline
Reasons
Nationalist revolts
Egypt was lost
European pressure

12. The Middle East in WWI

13. The League of Nations Mandates
Goal: to guide the former colonies of Germany and Ottoman Empire toward modernization and independence
Reality: opened up Middle East for more foreign involvement

14. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!
The House of Saud  newly-created Saudi Arabia.
monarchy
Islamic and Arab traditions
Laws based on Qu’ran
The Pahlavi Family  Persia  Iran.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk nationalist movement in Turkey.

15. Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” (1881-1938)
What change do you notice from the pictures?

16. Ataturk’s Reform Program
Nationalism
Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.
Translate Qu’ran into Turkish
Secularism  republican constitution, non-religious courts
Modernization/westernization
Compulsory, secular education.
Banning the fez, adopt Western clothing.
Western [Roman] script.
Women
unveiled
given full citizenship and voting rights

17. Egypt Toward Modernization
Suez Canal
Goal: cut the travel distance to the east by creating a pathway through Mediterranean and Red Seas
Egypt forced to sell shares
Leads to foreign involvement
Gains independence in 1922 but…
Britain still remains in control

18. Oil Discovered! First discovered in Persia in 1908.
the sheikh of Kuwait promises exclusive oil rights to the British.
Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
In 1927, oil struck in Kirkuk, Iraq,

19. Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!”
American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions
1929 Bahrain
1933 Saudi Arabia.

20. Iran Modernizes Similar to Turkish reforms
Movement toward secular government
Rapid modernization
Westernization

21. I R A N 1925, Rezah Khan declared himself SHAH of Iran
created Pahlavi Dynasty.
Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi
1953 supports coup against leftist prime minister Mossadeq
CIA-sponsored
dictatorship, westernization
resented by Iranians
1979 Revolution
Ayatollah Khomeini
Fundamentalism
Hostage crisis I R A N

22. Origins of Arab-Israeli Conflict

23. Main Ideas
Division of Palestine after WWII made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements
Conflicts in the Middle East threaten the stability of the world today.

24. Two Competing Groups Traditionally Muslim
Arabs
Israelis
Traditionally Muslim
Egypt and Palestine have biggest issues
Different goals
Palestinians want homeland
Egyptians want to be most powerful country in Middle East.
Traditionally Jewish
Claimed Jewish land long before Arab settlement.
Zionism
Belief that Jews should have a homeland
Jewish nationalism
Two Competing Groups

25. Why in the Middle East?
Remember: Judaism originates in the Middle East
Historic Jewish Kingdoms had been present in this area long before Arab settlement

26. Issues of Contention for palestinians