1. Cartography and Geomatics
Cartography:  The art, science and technology of making maps
Map:        A two dimensional scaled representation of a planetary surface
(includes online displays)
Geomatics:      An umbrella term for disciplines that acquire, manage and manipulate spatial data for mapping.

2. Map elements Border Title North arrow Legend Scale
Who created the map and when
Reference system
Projection
Data sources

4. "Canada is the world's largest cartographic laboratory"

5. General Uses of Maps & Spatial data
A. Display and storage of spatial information (space)
 B. Historical record of spatial features (time)

6. General Uses of Maps & Spatial data
Display and storage of spatial information
 B. Historical record of spatial features

7. C. Communication tool

8. Propaganda maps
"Persuasive communications directed at a specific audience that are designed to influence the targeted audience's opinions, beliefs and emotions in such a way as to bring about specific, planned alterations in their behavior. The information communicated by the propagandist may be true or false.

9. General Uses of Maps & Spatial data
C. Communication tool : propaganda

10. General Uses of Maps & Spatial data
D. Vicarious travel (or a work of art) example

11. Types of Maps and data
There are traditionally two main types of map and data categories:
a. General purpose (topographic)
These show the visible features of the landscape such as relief, water bodies, and roads, e.g.  base maps, relief maps, city maps.  
b. Special purpose (thematic)
Emphasis is placed on a particular element
e.g.  climate, geology, soils, population density, industrial production.
Thematic map: global corruption

12. Map and data layers
BC: ‘Before Computers’, maps were thematic or topographic
AC: data are themes or base data - and feature types are organised in layers e.g. containing roads, rivers
There are three types (vectors): points, lines (arcs) and areas (polygons)

14. Data BC Catalogue

15. Raster (grid) layers
In addition to the 3 ‘feature’ types, there are continuous grids (rasters) e.g. for air photos, images and relief models (below)

16. Raster satellite image with vector data added

17. Spatial data: location and attributes
Map layers encode two different types of information:
a. Spatial location (where is it ?)
b. Attributes (what is it ?)
………………………………………………………………………………………..
these data are stored in a single layer (with multiple files)
e.g. Roads as a ‘shapefile’
roads.shp roads.dbf roads.shx roads.prj
Roads.sbn roads.sbx
Or a single .kml or .kmz file for Google Earth

18. Scale
Scale represents the amount of reduction compared to the distances on the earth's surface.
Without a scale, it is a diagram, (not a map)
Scale can be given in 3 ways:
Verbal statement
For example, 1 cm to 10 km, 1 inch to 1 mile
Verbal statements are simple to understand
Unit dependent and output dependent

19. b. Scale bar
Graphic, units can be stated in kilometres (metric) or miles (imperial)
A scale bar is most useful for graphic reproduction as it scales automatically with printing.
The left end of the bar can be subdivided in smaller units in order to provide easier estimation of precise distances.

20. c. Ratio or ‘representative fraction (RF)’
This states the amount of reduction as a fraction or ratio
(e.g. 1:100,000 or 1/100,000 )
It is free of specific units (metric or imperial)
It can describe map series (e.g. 1:50,000 NTS maps)
1:20,000 is a larger scale than 1:50,000 (1/20,000 IS bigger than 1/50,000)
1 cm to 1km  is the same as  RF = 1:100,000 
If RF = 1:250,000  Scale = 1 cm to 2.5 km

21. Conversion between a statement and a representative fraction
Get each side of the scale into same units, for example:
To convert 1 cm to 1 km into ratio: 
1 km = 1000m = 100,000 cm    
So 1cm to 1km is the same as 1:100,000
To convert 1:250,000 to a statement:  
1 cm to 250,000 cm = 2500m = 2.5 km       
Scale is cm to 2.5 km
Topo 101: map scales

22. General map/data scale categories
Very large (Cadastral): > 1:10,000 (city property mapping)
Large      >   1:70,000                   (e.g. 1:20,000, 1:50,000, 1:63,360) why this last one?
Medium =  70,000 to 400,000     (e.g.   1:125,000,   1:250,000) 
Small      <  1:400,000                  (e.g. 1:500,000, 1:1,000,000)
Very small: < 1,000,000 (atlases, wall map of Canada, world maps)
Larger scales (smaller numbers) provide greater detail.
Smaller scales (larger numbers) provide less detail.

23. Latitude/Longitude grid and stereographic projections
Link to You Tube video watched in class Chapter 1: Dimension two explains Earth's coordinate system, and introduces the stereographic projection.
Dimensions - A Walk Trough Mathematics | Chapter 1 - Dimension two
Dimensions is a French project that makes educational movies about mathematics, focusing on spatial geometry. It uses POV-Ray to render some of the animations, and the films are released under a Creative Commons licence.