1. Blue= Your score was ok—you may want additional practice
2/9/17
Lit Review: Please be looking for peer reviewed journal articles. It may take a while to find them- be patient!
We are going back to the lab tomorrow to work. You should have at least one article summarized by the end of class.
On Feb 22 we will have a check in and you must have 3 article summary sheets complete.
USA Test Prep
Absent? You need to complete the remaining tests for homework tonight
Remediation. There are videos and benchmark assignments. They will count for quiz grades.
How to understand your remediation sheet
Green=No Remediation
Blue= Your score was ok—you may want additional practice
Yellow= Required Remediation
Quiz (20 Minutes)
Blood Typing PPT and Practice Sheet

2. Blood Typing and Blood Genetics

3. What makes up our blood?
RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

4. Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

5. Genetics of Blood Type
Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.
These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

6. Blood Genetics The human ABO gene is on chromosome 9.
Everyone has two copies of chromosome 9 so you have two ABO genes.
One copy is inherited from our mother, the other from our father.

7. Alleles
There are three versions (called “alleles”) of this blood type gene: A, B, and O.
A person’s blood type is determined by which allele he/she inherits from each parent.

8. Pheno vs. Geno
The genetic makeup of an organism is called the “genotype”.
The “phenotype” is the visible properties of an organism.
In this case, the A, B, and O allele combination a person has is their genotype
Their blood type is their phenotype.

9. Dominant vs. Recessive Genes
The “A” allele is dominant and so is the “B” allele.
Together though, the “A” and “B” alleles are co-dominant.
The “O” allele is recessive.

10. Determining the Genotype
The blood type gene has three different alleles:
IAIA is Type A
IAIB is Type AB
IBIB results in Type B
ii is Type O

11. AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB
Different Blood Types
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations.
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB

12. How Common is your blood type?
46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%

13. Determining the Genotype
Scenario:
Mom has the alleles IAIA for blood type and Dad has the alleles IBIB blood type.
What will be the blood type for their child?

14. Punnett Sqaures IA IB

15. Practice
Suppose that a mother has blood Type A and genotype IAi and the father has blood Type B and genotype IBi. Draw a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their children.
What are the phenotypes of the kids?

16. Practice IB i IA

17. Blood Types The alleles we discussed “code” for blood type.
What they REALLY “code” for is a specific enzyme.
That enzyme creates specific antigens on your RBC.

18. Antigens
An antigen is a protein (encoded from the right enzyme) that “sits” on the surface of your RBC.
There are 2 different blood antigens, A and B.
If you have the A antigen, you have type A blood.
If you have the B antigen, you have type B blood.

19. Antigens of the Surface of the RBC

20. Antibodies Blood plasma is packed with proteins called antibodies.
The body produces a wide variety of antibodies that will recognize and attack foreign molecules.
A person’s plasma does not contain any antibodies that will bind to molecules that are part of his or her own body.

22. Blood Transfusions
It is important to carefully match the donor and recipient blood types.
If the donor’s blood cells have antigen that are different from those of the recipient, antibodies in the recipient’s blood recognize the donor blood as foreign.
This triggers an immune response resulting in blood clotting.

23. Who can give you blood? O A B AB
People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type.
Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive -
Universal Donor A B O AB
Universal Recipient

24. Relative Abundance of Blood Types
40-42%
10-12%
3-5%
43-45%

25. Interesting Facts Men generally have more red blood cells than women.
Rare blood types exist in addition to the basic ABO system.

26. Rh Factors
Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein.
The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).

27. Rhesus Factor (Rh)
If a person has a positive Rh factor, this means that their blood contains a protein that is also found in Rhesus monkeys. 
Most people (about 85%) have a positive Rh factor
Rh is expressed as either positive or negative. 
The Rh factor, like other antigens, is found on the surface of the red blood cells. 

28. Stats O+ 1 in 3 persons O- 1 in 15 persons A+ A- 1 in 16 persons B+
AB+
1 in 29 persons
AB-
1 in 167 persons

29. Microscopic Views Bird Blood Fish Blood Horse Blood Cat Blood
Dog Blood
Fish Blood
Frog Blood
Snake Blood
Microscopic Views
Human Blood
Horse Blood