1. SKY SCIENCE
What’s out there?

2.
SPACE? WHAT’S IN SPACE?

3. You can see many objects in the sky at night
You can see many objects in the sky at night. However, not all of them actually EMIT light.

4. OBJECTS IN SPACE THAT EMIT LIGHT: -Sun -Other Stars -Galaxies -Emission Nebulae -Meteors in Earth’s Atmosphere -Aurora Borealis

5. OBJECTS IN SPACE THAT REFLECT LIGHT:
-Comets
-Planets
-Asteroids and meteroids in SPACE
-Moons or natural satellites
-Artificial satellites

6. A little about a lot…..
SUN: Did you know the sun is a GIANT STAR. It is the center of our solar system. It emits light when hydrogen is converted to helium through something called a nuclear fusion reaction. It won’t burn out for another 4-5 BILLION years from now. STARS: They are heat sources in the universe and come in all sorts of sizes and temperatures. Some last only millions of years while other last billions. The closest star to earth is the Proxima Centauri. It’s 4 light years away. A Light year is the distance light travels in a year. ( km/sec) Light can travel around the world 7 and a half times in ONE SECOND!

7. GALAXIES: Are made of billions of stars
GALAXIES: Are made of billions of stars. These stars, when grouped together can EMIT an enormous amount of light. Our sun is one of about 200 billion stars in our galaxy which is called the MILKY WAY.
EMISSION NEBULAE: They are clouds of dust and gases. Some are pieces of a star after it exploded others can be star nurseries, where stars are born. (no not like Justin Bieber --the fire kind)
METEORS: THEY ARE KNOWN AS SHOOTING STARS. They Are meteoroids that burn up after enter earth atmosphere from outer space. Usually, they burn up and never reach earth.
AURORA BOREALIS: (Northern lights) Particles of solar wind collide with atoms of gas in the atmosphere.

8. COMETS: They are made of rock, dust, and ice
COMETS: They are made of rock, dust, and ice. As it moves closer to the sun it begins to melt making a gas vapour trail. (looks like a tail) It is this vapours that REFLECTS the light from the sun. PLANETS: Are big bodies in the sky made up of solids, liquids, and gases. Some of the planets can be seen from earth because they reflect the light of the sun. ASTEROIDS and METEROIDS in space: are pieces of rock and metal found in outer space. Asteroids orbit the sun and are bigger than meteroids. BUT both reflect the sun. MOONS OR NATURAL SATELLITES: There are many planets, like ours, that have natural satellites. They are seen because the sun reflects off their surface. ARTIFICAL SATELLITES: Are objects sent into orbit, like the Hubble space telescope.

9. STARS and Constellations
Have you ever been cloud watching before? Ever notice that they appear to from patterns? Well stars can to. There are hundreds of stars in the sky and you can see the patterns that they make night after night and year after year. People have been studying these star patterns for YEARS. (Way back in ancient Greece, they mapped them out) These patterns are called constellations.
STARS and Constellations

10. Constellations and asterisms
There are 88 recognized constellations. (International Astronomical Union) There are many unofficial star groups called asterisms. ASTERISMS: Create patterns, like constellations, however they can be a small part of a bigger picture—constellation. The Big Dipper is really an asterism of the bigger Ursa Major (Great Bear) constellation. OR it could contain stars from 2 or more different constellations like the summer triangle which contains three bright stars from three different constellations—Cygnus the swan, Aquila the eagle, and Lyra the Harp.

11. URSA MAJOR, Great Bear, Big Dipper

13. WHY all the patterns?
Constellations and asterisms are useful markers in the sky. If I wanted you to find a new star I discovered that is by the Ursa Major then I can direct you to find the Big Dipper first. The patterns stars make on earth wouldn’t be visible in space because those stars are actually REALLY FAR away from each other. (Light years) Stars can only be seen in the night because the sun’s light is too bright during the day. At night you can only see the stars that are in the part of the sky that is away from the sun.

14. Movie…I mean Moving Stars
Has anyone ever been star gazing before? Have you made a note about where a certain constellation or asterism was at 11pm versus where it was at 4:00am? Stars appear to move across the night sky. They move east to west because the Earth is rotating. So the sky isn’t moving the earth is.

15. CIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELLATIONS
Circumpolar constellations can be seen all year long. They circle around a single point. (the point is the Polaris-North star) Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, and Cassiopia are all circumpolar constellations.
CIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELLATIONS

16.
Stars appear to move across the night sky. EXCEPT FOR ONE: THE POLARIS The POLARIS: Also known as the Northern Star. (because it’s found in the North, so it can’t be seen in the Southern Hemisphere) It does NOT move so it can be used for navigation

17. NOON
6AM
6PM
MIDNIGHT

18. MARCH JUNE SEPTEMBER DECEMBER IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

19. How do we describe how constellations move?

20. Transformations!

21. To transform something is to change it
To transform something is to change it. In geometry, there are specific ways to describe how a figure is changed. The transformations you will learn about include:
Translation
Rotation
Reflection
Dilation

22. It is common practice to name shape
It is common practice to name transformed shapes using the same letters with a“ ” symbol:
It is common practice to name shape
using capital letters:
prime

23. A “slides” an object a fixed distance in a given direction
A “slides” an object a fixed distance in a given direction. The original object and its translation have the, and they
Translations are
Translation
same shape and size
face in the same direction
SLIDES.

24. Let's examine some translations related to
The example shows how each vertex moves the same distance in the same direction.
coordinate geometry.

25. Write the Points What are the coordinates for A, B, C?
How are they alike?
How are they different?

26. In this example, the "slide" moves the figure
and
7 units to the left
3 units down
(or 3 units down and 7 units to the left.)

27. The figure slides 7 units to the left and 3 units down
Write the points
What are the coordinates for A, B, C, D?
What are the coordinates for A’, B’, C’, D’?
How did the transformation change the points?
A (2, 4)
B (4, 4)
C (5, 2)
D (2, 1)
A’ (-5, 1)
B’ (-3, 1)
C’ (-2, -1)
D’ (-5, -2)
The figure slides 7 units to the left and 3 units down

28. rotation
A is a transformation that turns a figure about a fixed point called the center of rotation.  An object and its rotation are the , but the
same shape and size
figures may be turned in different directions

29. The concept of rotations can be seen in wallpaper designs, fabrics, and art work.
           
Rotations are
TURNS!!!

30. This rotation is 90 degrees counterclockwise.
         
Counterclockwise

31. A. can be seen in water, in a mirror, in glass, or in a shiny surface
A can be seen in water, in a mirror, in glass, or in a shiny surface.  An object and its reflection have the , but the   In a mirror, for example, right and left are switched.
reflection
same shape and size
figures face in opposite
directions

32.              
Line reflections are
FLIPS!!!

33. The line (where a mirror may be placed) is called the line of reflection.  The distance from a point to the line of reflection is the same as the distance from the point's image to the line of reflection.
A reflection can be thought of as a "flipping" of an object over the line of reflection.
                             
   
                           
If you folded the two shapes together line of reflection the two shapes would overlap exactly!

34. What happens to points in a Reflection?
Name the points of the original triangle.
Name the points of the reflected triangle.
What is the line of reflection?
How did the points change from the original to the reflection?
A (2,-3)
B (5,-4)
C (2,-4)
A’ (2,3)
B’ (5,4)
C’ (2,4)
x-axis
The sign of y switches

35. A dilation is a transformation that produces an image that is the same shape as the original, but is a different size.
A dilation used to create an image larger than the original is called an enlargement.  A dilation used to create an image smaller than the original is called a reduction.

36. Dilations always involve a change in size.
                                              
Notice how EVERY coordinate of the original triangle has been multiplied by the scale factor (x2).

37. REVIEW: Answer each question………………………..
Does this picture show a translation, rotation, dilation, or reflection?
How do you know?
Rotation
Because the image is turned.

38. Does this picture show a translation, rotation, dilation, or reflection?
How do you know?
Dilation
Because the post- image got bigger.

39. Does this picture show a translation, rotation, dilation, or reflection?
How do you know?
(Line) Reflection
Because the image flipped over.

40. Letters a, c, and e are translations of the purple arrow.
Which of the following lettered figures are translations of the shape of the purple arrow?  Name ALL that apply.
Explain your thinking.
Letters a, c, and e are translations of the purple arrow.

41. Has each picture been rotated in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction?

42. Basically, a tessellation is a way to tile a floor (that goes on forever) with shapes so that there is no overlapping and no gaps.

43. Dutch graphic artist M. C
Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher ( ) is known for his creative use of tessellations in his work. What transformations can you see in this picture?
The birds and fish have been translated here.

44. What transformations can you see in this Escher print?
Some birds have been translated and some have been rotated.

45. Can you name examples in real life of each transformation?
Translation
Rotation
Reflection
Dilation

47. Stars appear to move across the night sky
Stars appear to move across the night sky. They move east to west because the Earth is rotating. So the sky isn’t moving the earth is. The stars, sun, and moon all appear to rise and set everyday. The earth rotates in a counter-clockwise manner, giving the illusion of the sun rising in the east and setting in the west.

48. THE SUN
Depending on the time of day the sun can be seen at different heights in the sky. Where is the sun in the morning at sunrise? Where is it at sunset? What time do you think it is at it’s highest in our sky? What does that do to our shadow?

49. SAFELY VIEWING THE SUN
Should you ever stare straight at the sun? NO. NEVER. NOT EVEN ONCE. Looking directly at the sun can cause some serious damage. Even if you only look at it for a short time it can cause burns to the retina. (YOUR EYEBALL) Even worse these burns don’t hurt, instead they appear as white spots in your field of vision. The earth’s atmosphere reduces the harmful rays but does not eliminate them. EVEN SCIENTISTS have to use special lenses or cameras to study the sun.

50. There are seasons because the earth is tilted on an axis and revolves around the sun. What does this mean?
Earth’s axis is tilted degrees.
It take the earth days (1 year) to revolve around the sun
Since the axis is tilted different parts of the earth are turned toward the sun at different times of the year
Northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun during the summer months
WHY ALL THE SEASONS?

51. Canadian Summer and Winter
In Canada, summer is warmer than winter because Canada gets more DIRECT sunlight during summer. The sun is warmer when it is directly over head. Think of the hottest time of the day during summer, where is the sun? The days are longer during summer because the sun is angled more directly onto Canada warming the earth(ground) much longer. The days in the winter are shorter.
Canadian Summer and Winter

52. How does the moon appear to be lit up at night
How does the moon appear to be lit up at night? As the moon orbits earth you can see parts of the moon that are lit up by the sun. These are called PHASES OF THE MOON. On Earth you never see the whole moon because only one side faces earth at all times. As the moon moves in its orbit, you gradually see more of its sunlight.
Phases of the moon!!

53. PHASES OF THE MOON 1. New moon: You do not see the moon because only the far side of the moon is lit up. 2. Waxing crescent 3: First quarter 4: Waxing gibbous 5: Full moon 6: Waning gibbous 7: Last quarter 8: Waning crescent AND REPEAT

56. How do we describe how much of the moon is shaded?

57. Ratios
ratio – a comparison of two numbers by division written in several different forms.

58. Ratios
The order of the numbers in a ratio should match the order of the words in a ratio.
apples to oranges
2 to 3

59. Ratios can be written in several different ways.
red to white
3 to 1
3 : 1
3/1

60. Ratios Ratios can show comparisons between: part to part red to green
green to red
2 to 1

61. Ratios Ratios can show comparisons between: part to whole red to whole
green to whole
2 to 3

62. Ratios Ratios can show comparisons between: whole to part whole to red
whole to green
3 to 2

63. Ratios
Compare octagon to all shapes
1 out of 8
1 : 8
1/8
1 to 8

64. Ratios
Compare all shapes to trapezoid
8/1
8 to 1
8 : 1

65. Ratios
Compare pentagons to hexagons
2/3
2 to 3
2 : 3

66. Ratios
What is the ratio of SHADED to LIT of these two moons?

67. Ratios
Draw what you think a 9:2 shaded to lit moon might look like?

68. Planets in the Solar System

69. Do you know what they are??
What is the solar system?
The sun and all of it’s bodies (planets, stars, comets, asteroids, meteoroids, dust and bits of rock)
The main bodies are the planets, an asteroid belt, and five dwarf planets.
PLANETS: are made up of rocks, gases, or both. They all orbit the sun. The 4 closest to the sun are called the “inner planets” They are small, and rocky.

70. Mercury
Is the smallest planet in our solar system.(8th Largest Planet)
Closest to the sun
Small rocky and covered with craters (like our moon)
It has very little atmosphere
No moons

71. Venus Second from the sun 6th Largest Planet Small and rocky No moons
Thick atmosphere made up of CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Several miles of thick sulfuric acid clouds that cover the planet
Hottest planet in the solar system
Temperature reach over 465 degrees Celsius
No chance of life on Venus

72. Earth Third planet from the sun 5th Largest Planet
A consistent flow of heat and light from sun heating the atmosphere
Small and rocky
Surface of rock and water
Only planet to support life
One moon

73. Mars Fourth planet from the sun 7th Largest planet
Icecaps on both of its poles
Many strong wind and dust storms in atmosphere
Surface is covered in iron-rich dust (red appearance)
2 little moons very close to the surface

74. ASTEROID BELT
This is found between the inner planets and the outer planets. It is a compilation of rocks, ices and metal. Some scientists believe these pieces are parts left over from the original formation of our solar system. The asteroid belt also orbits the sun, just like the other planets.

75. The Outer Planets
Are on the other side of the asteroid belt from the inner planets. They are also referred to as the GAS GIANTS. They are much larger then the inner planets and are mostly made up of gases. DO YOU KNOW WHAT THEY ARE??

76. Jupiter Fifth planet from the sun Largest of the planets (1st)
90% hydrogen
10% helium
1000X bigger than Earth
Has a great RED spot, thought to be a storm
Because of it’s size it has a huge gravitation pull, attracting small bodies from space into it’s orbit.
63 moons (maybe more)

77. Saturn Sixth planet from the sun 2nd largest planet
Made up of materials are lighter than water
75% hydrogen
25% helium
Most rings are frozen water but some are rocks covered in ice
61 moons

78. Uranus Seventh planet from the sun Third largest planet
Consists of rock and ice
Atmosphere has hydrogen and some helium
Tilted sideways
27 moons

79. Neptune Eighth planet 4th Largest Planet
Sometimes it’s orbit crosses over with Pluto’s
Inner core of ice and rocks (Scientists think)
Blue colour comes from the methane gas in atmosphere
Winds are fastest in the solar system(2000km/h)
13 moons

80. Dwarf Planets
There are other bodies in the solar system, like former planet Pluto, that can not be called planets because the are too small. However, they aren’t asteroids because they are too big. There are five known Dwarf Planets: Ceres, Pluto, Makemake, Eris, and Haumea. Eris is the largest of the Dwarfs.

81. Remember moons are natural occurring satellites
Remember moons are natural occurring satellites. Some planets have none while others have more than 60.
Planet
Moons
Mercury and Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Moons in Space

82. Jupiter’s moons: Mars’ moons:
Io: Volcanic activity, volcanic plumes can reach 500KM above the surface
Callisto: had an ice layer and many craters caused by comets and asteroids crashing into it
Europa: has a thick layer of ice with cracks in it. Appears to have dark lines in it which are the cracks.
Ganymede: The Largest moon in the solar system, larger than Mercury and Pluto. Made up of silicate rock and ice.
Mars’ moons:
Phobos: Made up of carbon rich rock and ice, many craters, and is shaped like a potato
Deimos: Made up of carbon rich rock and ice, many craters

83. Earth’s moon: rocky, dusty, and has no atmosphere Saturn’s moons:
Titan: Largest moon of Saturn (larger than Mercury but not larger than Ganymede), atmosphere made up of nitrogen and methane gas, body made up of ice and rock material
Iapetus: Furthest moon of Saturn’s, one side dark and other side bright
Neptune’s moons:
Triton: Orbit is the reverse of other moons, outer layer is frozen nitrogen with many geysers that are thought to be erupting nitrogen and inner core is rocky metal

84. Optical telescopes are used on earth to see a variety of objects in space like planets, stars, moons and so on. Sometimes they are so big they are put in observatories so that scientist can observe far off galaxies, stars, and nebulae. Space telescopes are used IN SPACE (Hubble) they orbit Earth and their view isn’t interfered with by air and atmosphere. Radio telescope: don’t use pictures and sight. They use radios waves to collect data which is then sent to a computer. Then the computer composes pictures. Most of what is known about space is due to space exploration using ROCKETS. The first rocket was liquid fueled in However, now rockets are power by the sun (Solar powered) like the ion rocket.
Technology in Space

85. Space Probes: are robots used to gather information from moons and other planets. They leave earth’s orbit and sometime return back to earth with the information. Example: Voyageur and Pioneer Orbital Spacecraft: A SATILLITE! They orbit Earth or other planets. Weather satellites and International Space Station are some examples. Space Shuttles are just like orbital space crafts. Space stations act like orbital space crafts but have living quarters in them. Landers: Just as it sounds, they land on other planets or moons. EXAMPLE: the Mars rover. They collect data on rocks, soil. Mars rover studied these things to see if there was once water on the planet.

86. BIG BANG THEORY
The universe is so big it is believed on go on forever. We know that in space things are not usually measured in kilometers they are measured in light years. What is the only thing NOT usually measured in LY? Earth to Moon
How did the universe start? How was it created? There are MANY theories.
Big Bang Theory is one of them. It says the universe was created 13 billion years ago by a big explosion. After the explosion galaxies of stars started to appear pulling inwards and outwards.