1. Metabolic Processes
Metabolic reactions are of two types:
in anabolic reactions, larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, a process requiring energy;
2. in catabolic reactions, larger molecules are broken down, releasing energy. The reactions of metabolism are often reversible.

2. Anabolism
1. Anabolism provides the substances needed for growth and repair.
2. These reactions occur by dehydration synthesis, removing a molecule of water to join two smaller molecules.
3. Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are constructed via dehydration synthesis.
a. To form fats, glycerol and fatty acids bond.
b. The bond between two amino acids is a peptide bond; two bound amino acids form a dipeptide, while many joined form a polypeptide.

3. Pg. 124
Dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate

4. Pg. 124
Dehydration Synthesis of a Lipid

5. Pg. 125
Dehydration Synthesis of a Protein

6. Catabolism
Catabolism breaks apart larger molecules into their building blocks.
2.These reactions occur by hydrolysis, wherein a molecule of water is inserted into a polymer which is split into two smaller molecules.

7. ATP Hydrolysis

10. WHY WE NEED ENZYMES

12. Catabolic
Anabolic

13. Control of Metabolic Reactions:
A.Enzymes control the rates of all the metabolic reactions of the cell.
B.Enzyme Action
1.Enzymes are complex proteins that function to lower the activation energy of a reaction so it may begin and proceed more rapidly. Enzymes are called catalysts.
2.Enzymes work in small quantities and are recycled by the cell.
3.Each enzyme is specific, acting on only one kind of substrate.
4. Active sites on the enzyme combine with the substrate and a reaction occurs.
5.The speed of enzymatic reactions depends on the number of enzyme and substrate molecules available.

14. Fig. 4.04a
Pg. 126

16. Fig. 4.04c

18. Enzyme catalyzed reaction
Slide number: 2
Substrate molecule
Active site
Enzyme molecule
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19. Enzyme catalyzed reaction
Slide number: 3
Enzyme-substrate complex
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20. Enzyme catalyzed reaction
Slide number: 4
Product molecules
Unaltered enzyme molecule
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21. Enzyme catalyzed reaction
Slide number: 1
Substrate molecule
Active site
Enzyme molecule
Enzyme-substrate complex
Product molecules
Unaltered enzyme molecule
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22. Concentration

23. Temperature

24. pH

26. Pg. 127

28. Pg. 128

35. Co-factor – ions of elements such as copper,
iron, zinc. Inorganic
Co-enzyme – a co-factor that is organic, many
are vitamins such as co-enzyme A
Function – when they bind to enzymes,
they activate them

36. Pg. 126
Metabolic Pathway
Rate Limiting Enzyme

38. Creatine Phosphate – Phosphocreatine System 2. Anaerobic Glycolysis
Energy is the ability to do work.
All our energy needs must come from ATP’s
So how is energy transferred to ATP’s from all
the energy compounds in our body?
3 Ways the muscle cell can synthesize ATP
Creatine Phosphate – Phosphocreatine
System
2. Anaerobic Glycolysis
3. Aerobic Respiration – Oxidative
Phosphorylation

40. Creatine Phosphate At rest cells store energy in creatine
by transferring a phosphate and
energy from an ATP, producing an
ADP. This molecule is now known as
phosphocreatine
When energy is needed the
phosphate breaks from
the phosphocreatine and returns
the energy to an ADP
to become a usable ATP.
Phosphocreatine has now turned
back to creatine

42. 2. Anaerobic Glycolysis Cytosol Mitochondrion Glucose
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43. Glycolysis Pg 129 Glycolysis 1
Glucose
Glycolysis
High energy electrons (e–) 1
The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into two
3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP
and the release of high energy electrons.
Glycolysis 2
ATP
Cytosol
Pyruvic acid
Mitochondrion
Pg 129
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44. 2
2 ATP’s in
4 ATP’s out
Net Yield 2 ATP’s

45. Pg 129 Aerobic Respiration Citric Acid Cycle Cytosol 2
Glucose
High energy electrons (e–)
Glycolysis 2
ATP
Cytosol
Pyruvic acid
Citric Acid Cycle 2
The 3-carbon pyruvic acids generated by glycolysis enter
the mitochondria. Each loses a carbon (generating CO2)
and is combined with a coenzyme to form a 2-carbon
acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). More high energy
electrons are released.
High energy electrons (e–)
CO2
Acetyl CoA
Mitochondrion
Pg 129
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46. Glycolysis Slide number: 5 Citric Acid Cycle Cytosol 2
Glucose
High energy electrons (e–)
Glycolysis 2
ATP
Cytosol
Pyruvic acid
Citric Acid Cycle 2
The 3-carbon pyruvic acids generated by glycolysis enter
the mitochondria. Each loses a carbon (generating CO2)
and is combined with a coenzyme to form a 2-carbon
acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). More high energy
electrons are released.
High energy electrons (e–)
CO2
Acetyl CoA 3
Each acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon oxaloacetic
acid to form the 6-carbon citric acid, for which the cycle
is named. For each citric acid a series of reactions
removes 2 carbons (generating 2 CO2’s), synthesizes
1 ATP and releases more high energy electrons.
The figure shows 2 ATP, resulting directly from 2
turns of the cycle per glucose molecule that enters
glycolysis.
Citric acid
Mitochondrion
Oxaloacetic acid
Citric acid
cycle
High energy electrons (e–)
2 CO2 2
ATP
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47. Glycolysis Slide number: 6 Electron Transport Chain Cytosol
Glucose
High energy electrons (e–)
Glycolysis 2
ATP
Cytosol
Pyruvic acid
High energy electrons (e–)
CO2
Acetyl CoA
Citric acid
Mitochondrion
Oxaloacetic acid
Citric acid
cycle
High energy electrons (e–)
2 CO2
Electron Transport Chain
The high energy electrons still contain most of the
chemical energy of the original glucose molecule.
Special carrier molecules bring the high energy electrons
to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining
energy to more ATP molecules. The other products are
heat and water. The requirement of oxygen in this last
step is why the overall process is called aerobic respiration. 2
ATP 4
Electron
transport
chain
32–34
ATP
2e– and 2H+
1/2 O2
H2O2
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48. Glycolysis Slide number: 1 Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle
Glucose
Glycolysis
High energy electrons (e–) 1
The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into two
3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP
and the release of high energy electrons.
Glycolysis 2
ATP
Cytosol
Pyruvic acid
Citric Acid Cycle 2
The 3-carbon pyruvic acids generated by glycolysis enter
the mitochondria. Each loses a carbon (generating CO2)
and is combined with a coenzyme to form a 2-carbon
acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). More high energy
electrons are released.
High energy electrons (e–)
CO2
Acetyl CoA 3
Each acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon oxaloacetic
acid to form the 6-carbon citric acid, for which the cycle
is named. For each citric acid a series of reactions
removes 2 carbons (generating 2 CO2’s), synthesizes
1 ATP and releases more high energy electrons.
The figure shows 2 ATP, resulting directly from 2
turns of the cycle per glucose molecule that enters
glycolysis.
Citric acid
Mitochondrion
Oxaloacetic acid
Citric acid
cycle
High energy electrons (e–)
2 CO2 2
ATP
Electron Transport Chain 4
The high energy electrons still contain most of the
chemical energy of the original glucose molecule.
Special carrier molecules bring the high energy electrons
to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining
energy to more ATP molecules. The other products are
heat and water. The requirement of oxygen in this last
step is why the overall process is called aerobic respiration.
Electron
transport
chain
32–34
ATP
2e– and 2H+
1/2 O2
H2O2
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49. 3.

50. Electron Transport Chain

54. Pg. 23 packet

55. Pg. 5 packet

56. Pg. 5 packet