1. Animals

2. What is an animal?
Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic, without cell walls
Either vertebrates or invertebrates
Containing specialized cells that have a division of labor in a organism. Animals have specialized cells to enable them to sense and seek out food and mates, and allow them to identify and protect themselves from predators.

3. Seven Survival Methods
Feeding - herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detrivores
Respiration-exchange of gases
Internal transport - circulatory system; open or closed
Excretion - removal of waste
Response - use of nerve cells to respond
Movement-use of muscles & skeleton
Reproduction-sexual or asexual;live young or eggs

4. Stages of Development
Most animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote. In animals, fertilization may be internal (inside the body) or external (outside the body).
After fertilization, the zygote of different animal species all have similar, genetically determined stages of development.
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell penetrates the egg cell, forming a new cell called a zygote.
The zygote divides by mitosis and cell division to form two cells in a process called cleavage.
Once cell division has begun, the organism is known as an embryo.
First layer – blastula, second layer – gastrula
Endoderm – inner lining
Ectoderm – outer lining
Mesoderm – middle lining

5. What is symmetry? To have a consistent overall pattern of structure.
Three types
Radial - similar parts that branch out in all directions from a central line
Bilateral - two similar halves on either side of a central line
Asymmetrical – having no symmetry

7. What are the body regions?
Based on normal orientation of the organism.
Anterior - head region
Posterior - tail region
Dorsal - top or back region
Ventral - bottom or stomach region

8. What is cephalization? Animal Protection & Support
The gathering of sensory organs and brain structures in the anterior region.
Organisms with cephalization will always have bilateral symmetry.
Animal Protection & Support
Exoskeleton – hard outer covering made of chitin.
Endoskeleton – made of calcium carbonate, cartilage or bone.
Invertebrate – animals without backbones but w/exoskeletons
Vertebrate – animals with backbones.

9. Phylum Porifera Sponges
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
Sponges

10. Sponges No mouth, stomach or other organs
sessile -(not moving) as adults, mobile -early stage
no symmetry
smallest - 1 cm long
largest - 2 m wide
filter feeders
reproduce both ways
hermaphrodites - containing both sexes

11. Parts of the sponge
Epithelia-like cells – thin and flat responding to touch.
Collar cells – lining the interior of the sponge. Each cell has a flagellum used to draw water into sponge.
Pore cells – surrounds each pore that allow water to carry food and oxygen into the body.
Osculum- large opening where water and waste is pumped out.
Spicules - hard particles made of CaCO3 or SiO2 used for support.
Amebocytes- b/t the two layers that aid in bringing in food, reproduction and making spicules.

13. Phylum Cnidaria Hydra, Jellyfish, Coral
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Hydra, Jellyfish, Coral

14. What are the body shapes & parts?
Two body shapes
polyp - specialized sessile shape
medusa - specialized bell shape for swimming
Parts
epidermis - outer layer
mesoglea - middle layer
gastrodermis - “stomach skin” inner layer

15. More Parts
Gastrovascular cavity - the “stomach” or hollow gut surrounded by tentacles.
The tentacles contain nematocysts which are stinging structures used for defense and capturing food.
This group is considered to be carnivores with radial symmetry.
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Simple nervous system w/out a brain using a nerve net to conduct impulses.

16. Classes of Cnidarians Class Hydrozoa – hydras and siphonophores
Mostly marine polyp colonies
reproduce both ways
Hermaphrodites
examples include:
Obelia, Portuguese man-of-war
Photo credited by key-biscayne.com

17. Eleutheria dichotoma
Ectopleura larynx
Gonothyraea loveni

18. Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish Medusa is dominant stage
Everywhere in oceans
Only class of totally venomous organisms
Most are harmless but some can cause death.
Examples: Australian box jellyfish, moon jellyfish, Lion mane jellyfish

20. Body plans of the Scyphozoans

21. Class Anthozoa Sea anemones & corals.
Polyps is the only form and they feed on passing prey.
Corals are made of calcium carbonate live in shallow depths make coral reefs.
Tropical and Subtropical waters

23. Class Ctenophora “Comb jellies” Beat cilia to move
Secrete sticky mucus to attack prey
Most are hermaphroditic
Unique feature - bioluminescent
All Material Copyright: © Wim van Egmond

24. Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms

25. Flatworm Make-up
Simplest animal with bilateral symmetry exhibiting cephalization
Range from 1 mm to several meters
Found in marine, freshwater & moist land habitats
No circulatory or respiratory system
One opening for food in and out
Contain a gastrovascular cavity
Eyespots – used to sense intensity & direction of light
Pharynx – used to ingest food
Flame cells – collects excess water & removes it
Proglottids – body sections: old ones near

26. Class Turbellaria Mostly free-living marine
Move by swimming w/a wave-like motion or a mucus and cilia
Feed as scavengers, carnivores
Reproduction – sexually as hermaphrodites that fertilize each other internally and asexually through regeneration.
Contain eyespots, pharynx, flame cells & simplistic nervous system with ganglia.
Most common type is the planarian “cross-eyed”

27. Marine Flatworms

28. Pictures of Planarians
“Cross-eyed” worm

29. Class Cestoda
Tapeworms – humans house seven different species. Lives in the intestines as parasites
Contains a scolex “head” with suckers & hooks for attaching & proglottids which have muscles, nerve cells, & reproductive cells. Each proglottid can contain 100,000 eggs.
No eyespots, mouth, gastrovascular cavity, or digestive organs.
Almost all are hermaphroditic.
Can grow up to 10 m or 33 ft long.
Beef, pork and other types.

31. Beef Tapeworms Life cycle - eggs left behind by infected
organism. Ingested by
cow(intermediate), cow
slaughtered, people eat
undercooked meat, eggs
hatch and infect human
(primary), eggs exit in
feces.

32. Class Trematoda Parasitic & hermaphroditic
Blood fluke- Schistosoma – causes schistosomiasis. See life cycle on Pg. 710
Brown fluke – N. America causes swimmer’s itch
Liver fluke

33. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Digestive tract w/two openings
Most are separate sexes
Protective layer - cuticle
Most free-living, some parasitic living in soil, animals, fresh and salt water.
Humans play host to 50 types

34. Types of Roundworms Ascaris - intestines of pigs, horses, humans.
Lay about 200,000 eggs
Hookworms - burrow into foot through blood to the intestine. 400 million people infected worldwide.

35. Types of Roundworms
Trichinella - causes trichinosis. Humans, pigs, mammals. Eating undercooked pork.
Pinworms - most common in US
Filarial worms -tropical countries. Causes elephantiasis
Pinworm
Original image from Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.)

36. Phylum Rotifera Rotifers transparent, free-living, fresh water
uses flame cells
bilateral symmetry w/cephalization
two eyespots
all material © Wim van Egmond