1. Role of STI underlying China's manufacturing push: Lessons for India’s Make in India Programme
G D Sandhya,
Gunjan Tyagi
CSIR-NISTADS
Workshop on STI for ‘Make in India’ at IIC, New Delhi on 10th April, 2015
Based on A comparative study on S&T, Innovation & Development Strategies of China & South Korea Vis-à-vis India supported by The office of Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India

2. Main issue
China has consistently improved its global ranking in manufacturing STI and emerged as a global player though prior to reforms both China and India had similar levels of development.
How has China brought about this dynamism? Can we learn from their experience?

3. China-India/Pre-reforms
Mismatch between research and industry in both the countries with weak linkages
Weak education infrastructure
Underdeveloped innovation infrastructure

4. Figure 1 China- India comparison on the basis of various Index rankings over the period

5. China-India/Post reforms
China’s publication output is five times that of India though India was ahead of China in 1990
China is ahead in patenting at the USPTO in 9 out of 10 high technology groups/ India ahead in Pharmaceuticals
Comparison of balance of trade in million USD

6. Dynamics of Reforms
Emphasis has been on science, education and innovation
Reforms have targeted GRIs, Universities, Innovation infrastructure, standards/IPR/indigenous innovation policy
Revamping of S&T Management, financing and commercialization by reduction in assured funding, restructuring of universities and research institutions and creating Technology Markets
Launching of programmes for supporting Basic research, Applied research, High Technology, Human Resource , Commercialization ( 973 programme, KIP, Key technologies R&D programme, 863 programme. 211 & 985 programme, programmes for attracting manpower from within China and abroad, Torch Programme, etc.)

7. R&D as % of GDP in India and China

8. Human Resource Generation and Augmentation in China
Organizational restructuring of education infrastructure in the higher education
Initiatives to revamp higher education ( Prog. 211, 985, 111)
Changing focus of universities from education to research and commercialization
Augmentation of human resource through repatriation has been an organized government initiative
Accountability in the universities (mandated to publish, incentivised to publish and financial support to universities prolific in publishing)

9. Government Research System
Ruthless restructuring/creation of new institution
Focus on select streams with global targets coupled with funding routed through major programmes, conversion of research institutions into enterprises, creating affiliated enterprises and spin offs for creating technology markets, creating support structures for technology transfer; KIP for CAS
Enhancement of human resource
Initiatives to enhance links between research and industry

10. Innovation Infrastructure
S&T parks
Most successful parks are created around academia and government research institutions
Nurtured leading Chinese firms which have spun off from academia and GRIs
Manufacturing is the mainstay
Creation of intermediary structures for supporting commercialization and innovation
Have a mix of LMEs, SMEs, MNCs
Exhibit linkages amongst academia, GRIs and industry
Local governments have participated in infrastructure creation, governance and resource provision
Major contributor to industrial production

12. LESSONS FOR INDIA
A successful MII can only thrive in a conducive innovation ecosystem for supporting manufacturing
Emulating China for strengthening the innovation ecosytem covering the entire innovation chain
The disconnect between the production and innovation support system needs to be plugged in to support sustained manufacturing
Necessity of a Long-term vision and targeted development in key sectors of our strengths

13. thanks