1. Imre Lakatos ( ) `
All scientific theories are equally un-provable
Falsification doesn’t work due to rescue hypotheses
the "basic unit" of scientific development is not the scientific theory, such that science progresses when one theory proves to be more successful than another.

2. Imre Lakatos
the "basic unit" is actually the research program. Science progresses when one research program becomes more productive and more useful than other and, hence, receives a greater share of social resources through funding and younger scientists looking to join. A research program is characterized by a particular set of "hard core" fundamental ideas and is deemed successful so long as it contents continue to increase.

3. Imre Lakatos
In reality scientists do not abandon theories. They invent rescue hypotheses or ignore anomalies or refutations
Popperian crucial experiments and Kuhnian revolutions turn out to be myths. What happens is progressive research replaces degenerating ones.
Progressive scientific programs predict and produce dramatic, unexpected observations and results

4. Falsificationism Popper
Science progresses toward its goal of increasing verisimilitude by advancing bold conjectures and then attempting to refute these by observations
Theories cannot be verified by observation
—anti-inductivism
—no theory/observation distinction
Theories are falsified by basic statements
We choose between theories on grounds of corroboration (mark of verisimilitude)

5. Falsificationism Problems for Falsificationism (recap) Falsification:
Some legitimate features of scientific enterprise are not falsifiable:
Probabilistic Statements
Existential Statements
Metaphysical Commitments

6. Falsificationism (finale)
Problems for Falsificationism
3. Basic Statements:
Theories are falsified by basic statements.
What warrants our acceptance of basic statements?
(i) Observation?: No. Basic statements are theory laden. Accepting them requires accepting theory
(ii) Decision/convention: not grounded in a rational procedure

7. Falsificationism (finale)
‘Whiff of Inductivism’
A Dilemma for Popper:
Give up on induction
—No rational criterion for choosing between competing theories
—No rational grounds for continuing to use successful theories
Give up the distinctive features of falsificationism

8. Falsificationism (finale)
Problems for Falsificationism
3. Basic Statements:
Theories are falsified by basic statements.
What warrants our acceptance of basic statements?
(i) Observation?: No. Basic statements are theory laden. Accepting them requires accepting theory
(ii) Decision/convention: not grounded in a rational procedure

9. Scientific Research Programmes
Revision versus Ad hoc Hypotheses
Two questions
In the light of anomalies:
What should one change?
Principle of least change
(ii) When should one abandon a theory(in favour of another)?

10. Scientific Research Programmes
Scientific Research Programmes (SRP)
A theory is:
Rules of logic and mathematics
Metaphysical commitments
Statements of laws
Assumptions about initial conditions
A SRP is a lineage of theories. SRP evolve over time
Rules according to which SRP’s evolve over time.

11. Scientific Research Programmes
Scientific Research Programmes (SRP)
Parts of a SRP:
Hard Core:
Theoretical assertions
Metaphysical commitments HC
Auxiliary Belt:
Initial conditions
Assumptions
Ad hoc hypotheses AB

12. Scientific Research Programmes
Scientific Research Programmes (SRP)
Parts of a SRP:
e.g. Celestial Mechanics
Hard Core:
Laws of Motion
Universal Gravitation
Space and time HC
Auxiliary Belt:
Number of planets
Masses of planets AB