1. The Periodic Table
Matter can be defined as anything that takes up space, has mass, and has inertia. Chemistry is the study of matter and its interactions. This is an introduction to the most basic categories of matter.

2. Beginning of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev
Discovered pattern of the elements
Arranged by increasing atomic mass
Periodic-occurs in regular intervals
Dmitri Mendeleev was the first person to discover the pattern among elements. He decided to arrange them by different properties including density, appearance, melting point. Then he arranged them in order of increasing atomic mass. This showed a pattern. The elements that had similar properties fit this pattern
Periodic-occurs in regular intervals

3. Henry Moseley
Rearranged elements by increasing atomic number
Periodic Law-chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements
Medeleev’s periodic table had some elements missing and the order was not consistent so Mosley found a way to arrange them so they are.
Periodic Law basically means that chemical and physical properties of an element depend on their atomic number
Periodic Law-chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements

4. The Periodic Table 115 elements 3 classes of elements
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Amount of electrons in the outermost level helps determine class
The electrons in the outermost level is what separates all of these classes apart. Metals have few electrons in their outermost level. Nonmetals have an almost complete set of electrons in their outermost level. Metalloids have around half of a complete set.

5. Metals Key Properties Found to the left of the zig-zag Shiny
Malleable (bendable)
Ductile
Good conductors of electricity and thermal energy
Solid at room temperature (except Hg)
Found to the left of the zig-zag
-most elements are metals
Hg=Mercury

6. Nonmetals Key Properties (opposite of metals)
Not malleable or ductile
Not shiny
Poor conductors of thermal energy and electricity
Found to the right of the
zig-zag
-almost complete set of e- in outer ring
Halogens (gr 18) have complete set of e- in outer level,

7. Metalloids Semiconductors Border the zig-zag
Have some properties of metals and some of nonmetals
Border the zig-zag
Semiconductors-
-border zig zag
-7 metalloids- B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po
-half of a complete set of electrons in outer level
-some props of both metals and nonmetals

9. Reading the Periodic Table
Each square has:
Element’s Name
Chemical Symbol
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass

10. Period Def-a horizontal row of elements
Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells

11. Group Def- a vertical column of elements
Share the same chemical and physical properties
Called a family
a vertical column of elements-share the same chemical properties and physical (called family)

12. Group 1: Alkali Metals Most reactive metals Properties:
So reactive they are only found as compounds
Properties:
Soft
Color (silver)
Shiny
Low density
Ex: NaCl – Sodium Chloride (table salt)
Group 1: Alkali Metals
-most reactive metals. So reactive in nature they are only found as a compound
-sodium chloride-table salt
-share softness, color (silver), shininess, low density

13. Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals
Less reactive than Group 1
Properties
Color (silver)
Higher density than alkali metals
Mixed with other elements to make things
Airplanes (Mg) or cement and chalk (Ca)
Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals
Alkaline-Earth Metals are mixed with other elements to make things we use. Magnesium is mixed w/ other low density elements to make airplanes.
Calcium is also mixed to make cement or chalk

14. Groups 3-12: Transition Metals
Properties:
Shiny
Good conductors of thermal energy and electricity
Higher density and melting point than Groups 1 &2
Less reactive than Groups 1 &2
Groups 3-12: Transition Metals

15. Lanthanides and Actinides
Two rows on the bottom the periodic table
Part of Transition metals group
Lanthanides  Top row
Actinides  Bottom row
Lanthanides and Actinides
Lanthanides=shiny, reactive metals
-used to make steel

16. Group 13: Boron Group Properties: Ex: Aluminum
Solid at room temperature
Reactive
Ex: Aluminum
Most common and most abundant
Group 13: Boron Group
-Earth Metals
-aluminum is most common and most abundant
 how can aluminum be used in so many things? When aluminum reacts w/ oxygen a layer of aluminum oxide quickly forms which prevents further reaction

17. Group 14: Carbon Group Properties:
Solid at room temperature
Carbon makes up proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Essential for life
Group 14: Carbon Group
Most of these elements are found in daily life either as the pure element or as a compound

18. Group 15: Nitrogen group Nitrogen makes up 80% of the air we breathe
Solid at room temperature
Group 15: Nitrogen group
-solid at room temp (except N)
-N makes up 80% of air
Elements in this group can form compounds. Nitrogen forms a compound with hydrogen to become ammonia.

19. Group 16: Oxygen Group Oxygen makes up 20% of the air we breathe
All elements in this group, except for Oxygen, are solid at room temperature
Group 16: Oxygen Group
-all but O are room temp
-O makes up 20% of air

20. Group 17: Halogens Properties:
Poor conductors of electricity
Violent reactions w/ alkali metals
Combine with most elements to form salts
Chemical properties are similar but physical properties very different
Group 17: Halogens
-poor conductors of electric current, violent reactions w/ alkali metals to form salts, never in uncombined form in nature
-halogens-combine w/ most elements to form salts ex: NaCl
-chemical props similar but physical props very diff

21. Group 18: Noble Gases Unreactive gases Ex: Helium, Neon Neon Lights
-noble gases-unreactive gases (nonmetals)

22. Hydrogen In a group of its own Properties:
Colorless
Odorless
Gas (at room temperature)
Low density
Explosive reaction with Oxygen
Most abundant element in the universe
Hydrogen
-colorless, odorless room temp, low density, explosive reaction w/ oxygen
-in a group of its own
-most abundant element in the universe