1. Genomes and their evolution
Chapter 21

2. You must know How prokaryotic genomes compare to eukaryotic genomes
Application of bioinformatics to medicine, evolution, and health
The activity and role of transposable elements and retrotransposons in generating genetic diversity
How evo-devo relates to our understanding of evolution of genomes
The role of homeotic genes and homeoboxes in developmental patterns and sequences

3. Bioinformatics
The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate data from genome sequencing
Proteomics = same thing for proteins

4. Genome variety
There does not seem to be a correlation between the number of genes and complexity of the organism
About 3700 genomes have been sequenced (mostly prokaryotes)

5. Noncoding dna Only about 1.5% of human DNA codes for proteins
Repetitive sequences – form telomeres and many other noncoding regions

6. Transposable elements – repetitive DNA that is capable of moving from one location in a genome to another
Requires enzyme called transposase
Can interrupt normal gene function – can be inserted inside a gene or in a regulatory region

7. Collections of 2 or more genes
Multigene families
Collections of 2 or more genes
Example: human alpha and beta globin – on different chromosomes and have different versions that function at different times in life – fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult forms

8. Causes of Genome evolution
Duplication events – creation of more than one version of a gene (like beta-globin)
Mutations
Transpositions

9. Sequence comparisons
The more similar sequences are, the more recently two species had a common ancestor
Can use this info to determine evolutionary relationships

10. Evo-devo – evolution of development – compares developmental processes to determine evolutionary changes

11. Homeotic genes – control placement and spatial organization of body parts
Homeobox – 180-nucleotide sequence widely conserved in homeotic genes (found in many diverse species in the same form) – supports the relatedness and common evolution of all life forms