1. To view David Knuffke’s Prezi:
Chapter 45
Endocrine System
To view David Knuffke’s Prezi:

2. Ch. 40 Review
What type of behavior in animals might be triggered by cold temperatures?
What type of behaviors might be triggered in hot temperatures?
List 2 examples of negative feedback. List 2 examples of positive feedback.
What is the main type of chemical messenger in the endocrine system? The nervous system?

3. Ch. 45 Warm-Up Compare peptide hormones to steroids.
Explain how insulin and glucagon work to regulate blood sugar levels.
Which glands and hormones respond when your body is under stress?

4. Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
A hormone called ecdysteroid regulates the timing of metamorphosis in this anise swallowtail butterfly.

5. You must know: Two ways hormones affect target organs.
The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least 3 hormones.
An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones.

6. Types of Intercellular Signaling

7. Endocrine System = Hormone-secreting cells + Tissues
Endocrine glands: ductless, secrete hormones directly into body fluids
Hormones: chemical signals that cause a response in target cells (receptor proteins for specific hormones)
Affects 1 tissue, a few, or most tissues in body
Or affect other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
Regulation by Positive & Negative Feedback

8. Pheromones Hormones Local Regulators
Chemical signal from 1 individual to another individual
Chemical signal from endocrine gland through blood to target cell
Chemical signal from one cell to an adjacent cell
Eg. ant trail; sex pheromones
Eg. peptide, steroid hormones
Eg. cytokines, growth factors, nitric oxide (NO)

10. Discovery Video: Endocrine System Bozeman: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Lecture of Chap 45: Highly Skeptical- Endocrine System Part 1
HS- Endocrine Part 2
Lecture from Foglia PPt
Discovery Video: Endocrine System Bozeman: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

11. Types of Hormones Peptide Steroid Water-soluble
Bind to receptors on plasma membrane & triggers signal transduction pathway
Affects protein activity already present in cell
Rapid response
Short-lived
Eg. oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine
Lipid-soluble
Enters cell & binds to intracellular receptors
Causes change in gene expression (protein synthesis)
Slower response
Longer life
Eg. androgens (testosterone), estrogen, progesterone, cortisol (*androgens derived from cholesterol)

12. How do hormones act on target cells
Lipid-based hormones
hydrophobic & lipid-soluble
diffuse across cell membrane & enter cells
bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm & nucleus
bind to DNA as transcription factors
turn on genes
Protein-based hormones
hydrophilic & not lipid soluble
can’t diffuse across cell membrane
bind to receptor proteins in cell membrane
trigger secondary messenger pathway
activate internal cellular response
enzyme action, uptake or secretion of molecules…

14. Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
target cell
blood S 1 S
cross cell membrane
protein
carrier S 2
cytoplasm
binds to receptor protein
becomes transcription factor 5
mRNA read by ribosome 3 S
plasma membrane 4
DNA
mRNA 6 7
nucleus
protein
protein secreted
ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes)

15. Action of protein hormones
signal-transduction pathway
Action of protein hormones 1
signal
protein hormone P
plasma membrane
binds to receptor protein
activates
G-protein
activates enzyme
cAMP
receptor protein
acts as 2° messenger
ATP
transduction
GTP
activates cytoplasmic signal
transduction: the action or process of converting something and especially energy or a message into another form
ATP
activates
enzyme 2
secondary
messenger system
cytoplasm
activates
enzyme 3
response
target cell
produces an action

16. cAMP cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate
GPCR  adenylyl cyclase (convert ATP  cAMP)  activate protein kinase A

17. Ex: Action of epinephrine (adrenaline)
adrenal gland
signal 1
epinephrine
activates G protein 3
activates adenylyl cyclase
receptor
protein
in cell membrane
GDP
cAMP
transduction 4
ATP 2
GTP
activates
protein kinase-A 5
activates GTP
activates
phosphorylase kinase
cytoplasm
released to blood
activates
glycogen phosphorylase 7
liver cell
glycogen 6
glucose
response

18. Epinephrine: one hormone  many effects
Liver cells break down glycogen and release glucose
Blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate
Blood vessels to intestines constrict

19. Master Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
I found this on youtube. Pretty good review by an AP student for Endocrine System:

20. Master Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
Receives info from nerves and brain
Initiates endocrine signals
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary gland:
Oxytocin: contract uterine muscles, eject milk in nursing
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): promote H2O retention by kidneys
Pituitary Gland
Anterior pituitary gland:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): development of ovarian follicles (eggs); promote sperm production
Luteinizing hormone (LH): trigger ovulation; stimulate testosterone production in testes

21. Hypothalamus regulation of Posterior Pituitary gland

22. Hypothalamus regulation of Anterior Pituitary gland
Tropic- hormone affects another endocrine gland; Non-tropic- has direct target

25. Negative feedback systems:
Thyroid hormones
Blood Ca2+ levels
Blood glucose levels
Positive feedback system:
Oxytocin (birthing process; release of milk/suckling)

26. BIOFLIX: HOMEOSTASIS – BLOOD SUGAR
Have students watch in class (fill out sheet): *Also, do Reg of Blood Sugar WS
BIOFLIX: HOMEOSTASIS – BLOOD SUGAR

27. Control of Blood Glucose
High blood glucose
Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into blood
Insulin released from pancreas
Body cells take up glucose
Liver stores glucose as glycogen
Glucagon released from pancreas
Blood glucose drops

28. Diabetes Mellitus Type I diabetes (10%):deficiency of insulin
Insulin-dependent
Autoimmune disorder  beta cells of pancreas destroyed
Type II diabetes (90%): failure of target cells to respond to insulin
Non-insulin dependent
Insulin produced  cells don’t respond (defect in insulin receptor or response pathway)
Risk factors: obesity, lack of exercise

29. Thyroid Gland Graves’ Disease: Autoimmune disorder
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior
pituitary
TSH
Thyroid T3 T4
Graves’ Disease:
Autoimmune disorder
Antibodies bind to TSH receptor
Hyperthyroidism
High temp, sweating, weight loss, high BP

30. Stress and the Adrenal Gland

31. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Use
Legally prescribed to treat hormone deficiency, loss of muscle mass (cancer, AIDS)
Used to enhance performance and improve physical appearance

32. Effects of AAS Abuse Source: www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/steroids.html
aggression
extreme mood swings
liver damage
jaundice
fluid retention
high blood pressure
increases in LDL (“bad” cholesterol)
decreases in HDL (“good” cholesterol)
renal failure
severe acne
For men—shrinking of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, increased risk for prostate cancer
For women—growth of facial hair, male-pattern baldness, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, deepened voice
For adolescents—stunted growth due to premature skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty changes; risk of not reaching expected height if AAS is taken before the typical adolescent growth spurt
In addition, people who inject AAS run the added risk of contracting or transmitting HIV/AIDS or hepatitis.