1. Forensics Introduction & Deductive Reasoning

2. Forensic Science Def: applying science to law
Criminology: study of crime
Full service crime labs include:
Physical science unit
Biology unit
Firearms Unit
Documentation Examination Unit
Photography Unit
And more……….

3. Units of a Crime Lab

4. Physical Science Chemistry Physics Geology Ex: drugs, glass, paint,
explosives, soil

5. Biology DNA/dried blood Other body fluids (semen, stomach acids…) Hair
Fibers
Plants/wood

6. Biology Pathologist (studies cellular
changes/various aspects of disease)
Serologist (studies blood groups and other bodily fluids)
Entomologist (studies insects and decomposition)
Anthropologist (studies bones to determine person’s identity)
Odontologist (examines the patterns of bite marks, makes casts of bite marks)

7. Firearms Firearms Discharged bullets Cartridge cases Shotgun shells
Ammunition
Gun shot residues
Distances to target
Ballistics expert (studies everything to do with firearms)

8. Document Examination Handwriting validity (not interpretation)
Typing validity
Analysis of paper/ink
Indented writing

9. Photography Photographs of evidence/scenes Digital imagery
Infrared (heat)
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Prepares photograph exhibits for court

10. Toxicology
Detection of poisons or drugs

11. Latent Fingerprint Latent (invisible to the naked eye)
Collecting, processing and examining fingerprints
Dactyloscopy (the study of fingerprints)

12. Polygraph
Lie detector examination and interpretation

13. Voiceprint Analysis
Records and interprets sound which is transformed from speech to visual displays
Linguists (studies written and oral communication to identify the speaker)

14. Evidence Collection
Collects and preserves physical evidence to be processed

15. Other Specialists
Crime Scene Photographer – aka identification officer or id technician
Forensic Psychologist – develops psychological profile of the criminal
Forensic Artist – draws the likeness of the person based solely on an eyewitness description or aging a photograph
Forensic Sculptor – reconstructs with modeling clay the appearance of the face based from the structure of the skull
Forensic Engineer – concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction and causes and origins of fires or explosives

16. Does Lindsey play soccer?
Introduction of deductive reasoning.
Showing how from just a few statements,
one is able to deduce a great deal.

17. Objective
The student understands the importance of logical reasoning, justification, and proof in mathematics/science.
Performance Description: The student uses deductive reasoning to prove a statement.

18. Vocabulary Terms
The Law of Ruling Out Possibilities: When statement p or statement q is true, and q is not true, then p is true.
Finite: Having bounds, limited.
Deduct: To derive by subtracting
Deductive reasoning: the process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the premise; reasoning from the general to the specific.

19. Activity
Ajay, Maxine, Kenny, Lindsey, and Susan each play a different sport. The sports are basketball, soccer, tennis, baseball, and swimming.
Use the following information to deduce which sports are played by which individuals.
Maxine does not play soccer.
Susan either plays tennis or she swims.
Ajay plays either basketball or tennis, or he swims.
Kenny does not play a sport with a ball.

20. Procedure
Ajay
Maxine
Kenny
Lindsey
Susan
1. Ask yourself if your information is finite. If yes, construct a grid to organize your given information.
2. Since there are 5 students and 5 sports you will need a 5 by 5 grid like the one shown.

21. Procedure
Using X’s and subscripts to denote clues, mark the information you are sure about in the grid you created.
Using the Law of Ruling Out Possibilities to eliminate other choices marking them with X’s in your grid.
O’s denote the only possibility left for each of the students’ perspective sport.

22. Procedure O X3 X X3 X X X1 X O X X4 X4 X4 X4 O X O X X X X2 X2 O X2 X
Maxine does not play soccer.
Susan either plays tennis or she swims.
Ajay plays either basketball or tennis, or he swims.
Kenny does not play a sport with a ball.
Ajay O X3 X X3 X
Maxine X X1 X O X
Kenny X4 X4 X4 X4 O
Lindsey X O X X X
Susan X2 X2 O X2 X

23. Questions Does Lindsey play soccer?
What careers do you think this would be applicable?
YES !!!
Doctor, Lawyer, Dentist, Detective, Police,
Teacher, Fire Fighter and many others.

24. Homework Questions
What is the difference between Forensic Science and Criminology?
Identify the crime lab unit that investigate:
Blood?
Drugs?
Paper?
Guns?
Which specialists:
Creates drawing from witness statements?
Creates clay models from human remains?
Creates profiles of criminals?
What is deductive reasoning?
What does finite mean?