1. Nationalism

2. Warm-Up In your notes… Define nationalism in your own words.
Write a couple of sentences telling me what you think makes a country a country.

3. OBJECTIVE
Analyze the revolutions and changes that happened in Europe from
Describe the role of nationalism in these late 19th century changes.
W.5 Describe how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoléon then repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until the Revolutions of 1848.

4. So… what makes a country?
In order for a “country” to be a “country” it must
Have internationally recognized boundaries
Have a government
Have sovereignty (no other State can have power over it)
Be recognized as a country by other countries

5. Setting the Stage Europe was undergoing changes.
The C of V had tried to restore the old monarchies and territorial divisions
At an international level this was a success.
However, within countries the effort failed.
Europe was plagued by revolutions between

6. Clash of Philosophies
Three schools of thought spread through Europe in the early 1800s.
Each believed its style of government would best serve the people.
Each attracted a different set of followers.
Conservative
Liberal
Radical
Basic political spectrum

7. Conservative Usually wealthy property owners.
Argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
Today, what political party do we associate with conservative beliefs?

8. Liberal Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants.
They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments.
Only wanted the educated and landowners to vote.
What political party do we associate with liberals today?

9. Radical Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people.
They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution.
Liberty
Equality
Fraternity (Brotherhood)

10. Nationalism Develops
Nationalism – belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

11. Nationalism Discussion
Do you think Nationalism is a good thing or a bad thing?
Could Nationalism lead to discrimination within a country?
What are some examples of nationalism?

12. Nation-State Had its own independent government.
Defends the nation’s territory and way of life.
Represents the nation to the rest of the world.
1815 – only France, England, and Spain were nation-states.

14. Believers in Nationalism
Liberals and Radicals were the main believers in nationalism.
Liberal middle class – teachers, lawyers & business people – led the struggle for constitutional government and the formation of nation-states.

15. The Austrian Empire

16. The Austrian Empire
Ruled by the Hapsburgs – controlled much of the region for nearly 400 years.
After the CoV, Austrian Emperor Franz I (foreign minister was Metternich) worked together to maintain the power of the Austrian Empire and the Hapsburg monarchy.
Resisting liberal ideas – seen as a danger
Metternich helped pass the Carlsbad Decrees – prohibited reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy
Established censorship, created a secret police that spied on University student suspected of liberal/national revolutionary activities
Metternich also formed alliances with other EU powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutionaries

17. Austria…
Metternich succeeded for a few years, but events in Europe eventually caught up on him
Revolutions in France, Italy and Germany set off revolts in Austrian Empire
Many different ethnicities in Austrian Empire wanted independence
Emperor Ferdinand was scared; ordered Metternich to resign – fled Austria
1848, Ferdinand abdicated throne; nephew Franz Joseph I took over

18. Austria under Franz Joseph I
Ruled over an unstable empire
In 1848, the Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule
Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent Russian troops to help Austria crush the revolt
Franz abolished the liberal reforms enacted in 1848, but couldn’t stamp out the nationalism in his multiethnic empire
Franz revoked the new constitution – revolutions stopped… for a while.

20. But…
Even though Franz I abolished liberal reforms and restored power of the monarchy, he could not stop the nationalist movement.
Hungarians wanted to split away from Austria and establish self-rule.

21. Nationalist Movement continues…
Austria list the province of Lombardy to Italy in 1859
1866 – Austria’s defeat in war with Prussia brought new demands from the Hungarians.
Compromise of 1867 – establish dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
two separate, equal states
One rule – Franz Joseph I (Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary)
Shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs
Each had its own parliament

22. Dual Monarchy… What would be some advantages and disadvantages?
Easing pressure of nationalism
Hungary – mostly rural and agricultural, can provide food
Austria – industrial

23. The Balkans
The Ottoman Empire had existed for centuries and controlled a vast multiethnic territory
Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews
Present day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia
Empire had been in decline since late 1600s
Early 1800s, obvious that the Ottoman Empire couldn’t defend itself against independence movements or against external threats

24. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greeks – first to win self-rule.
Greeks had kept their history and culture alive.
Demanded independence and rebelled against the Ottoman Turks in 1821.

25. Greeks Gain Independence
Powerful European governments opposed revolution.
The cause of Greek independence was popular with people.
Educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected Greek culture.
Backed by FR, GB, and RU
They signed a treaty guaranteeing Greece’s freedom, 1830

26. Radicals Change France
Radicals participated in many of the 1848 revolts across Europe.
France demanded a democratic government.
Did not want another monarchy
Basis of Les Mis
1. What are some other reasons that people revolt?

28. The Third Republic
Louis Philippe, ruler of France, fell from popular favor.
“Citizen King” (very normal)
Over time, that changed
Paris mob overturned the monarchy & established a republic.
Fell apart almost immediately.
A moderate Constitution was adopted.
Called for a parliament and a strong president.
What does this remind you of?
How so?
Why does it call for a strong president? Guide them to talking about moderates and the need for a strong leader.
What does this remind you of?
How so?
Why does it call for a strong president?
Moderates?

29. France Accepts a Strong Ruler
Louis-Napoleon – nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte – won the presidential election.
Four years later, he took the title Emperor Napoleon III.
Created the Second Empire
Accepted without complaint.
Weary of instability.
Wanted a strong ruler.
Why do you think they chose Louis-Napoleon?
2. Were the French citizen dissatisfied with Napoleon?
3. Why would the French citizens agree to an Emperor after fighting for a republic?
Why do you think they chose Louis-Napoleon?
Why would the French citizens agree to an Emperor after fighting for a republic?

30. Due to his policies, unemployment decreased and the country prospered.
Napoleon III built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted an ambitious program of public works.
Due to his policies, unemployment decreased and the country prospered.
1. What will railroads and industrialization lead to?
. What will railroads and industrialization lead to?

31. Reform in Russia Russia was not very industrialized yet.
Serfs still bound to land, under the feudal system.
Czars were afraid to free the serfs because it would anger the landowners.
What were some of the differences between western and eastern Europe?
Explain the feudal system.
Why would the lords have so much power over the serfs?
Why would angering the landowners be an issue?
Why would the lords have so much power over the serfs?
Why would angering the landowners be an issue?

32. Defeat Brings Change
Czar Nicholas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War. (control of Mediterranean)
However, Russia’s industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops.
Russia lost the war.
Alexander II, Nicholas’ son, decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change.
He believed his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power.

33. Reform and Reaction Alexander’s reforms
Freeing the serfs – bold move
Peasant communities received about ½ the farmland in the country.
Had 49 years to repay the government.
Alexander was assassinated by terrorists in 1881.
Alexander III continued to encourage industrialism.
Nationalism helped drive Russia toward industrial expansion.
If you were a landowner would you be happy with this change?
What’s the catch for the serfs?
3. How would nationalism help move Russia towards expansion?
How would nationalism help move Russia towards expansion?

34. Exit Ticket
Who did liberals want to have power in 19th century Europe?
Give some examples of nationalism. (2 or more)
What are some key characteristics of nationalism?
Describe some radical ideas of the time period. Give examples.