1. Regional Anesthesia Approaches to Pain Management in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Review of Current Knowledge 
Jillian F. Rork, BA, Charles B. Berde, MD, PhD, Richard D. Goldstein, MD 
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 
Volume 46, Issue 6, Pages (December 2013)
DOI: /j.jpainsymman
Copyright © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Peripheral nerve blockade: femoral nerve. a) Axial illustration of the right femoral triangle with pertinent labeled anatomy. b) Axial ultrasound of the right femoral triangle. White arrow represents the path of the needle used for the catheter placement. N = nerve; A = artery; V = vein. c) Photograph of the femoral nerve catheter inserted and secured on the left lower extremity
(with permission from the New York School of Regional Anesthesia).
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management  , DOI: ( /j.jpainsymman )
Copyright © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Epidural and subarachnoid (spinal) catheters in situ. Axial view of a thoracic vertebra with epidural and subarachnoid catheters, respectively. Epidural catheters can be placed directly through needle entry at thoracic levels, whereas subarachnoid catheters are advanced rostrally from the lumbar to the thoracic levels after lumbar puncture to avoid needle contact with the spinal cord (Fig. 3). Catheters can remain in either location for short- or long-term infusions.
Illustration by Advanced Medical Graphics.
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management  , DOI: ( /j.jpainsymman )
Copyright © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Implantable pumps and ports. a, b) Posterior anatomical view of the implanted pump and port and their respective intrathecal catheters. Pumps and ports are inserted anteriorly and the catheters are then tunneled subcutaneously, posteriorly. Both pump and port catheters enter the spine around vertebrae L3–L4 and advance cephalad to T9. c) Photograph of the implantable pump and port for relative size comparison.
Illustrations by Advanced Medical Graphics.
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management  , DOI: ( /j.jpainsymman )
Copyright © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee Terms and Conditions