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Taxonomy Science of Classification
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Why Organize? Saves time Find things easier Know where to put things
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Biological Terms Find information easier
Know where a new organism fits in
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What makes a good classification system?
You can know a lot of information from small amount of words Universally accepted naming system
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Taxonomists throughout History
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Aristotle Greek philosopher around 350 B.C.
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Aristotle An artificial classification system
Divided all organisms into 2 large groups Animals Plants Further divided the animals into 3 groups based on where they lived Lived on land Lived in water Lived in air Coined the term “species” – similar life forms Good? Yes, for 350BC
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Problems with Aristotle’s plan
Definition of categories are too broad Organisms that are structurally different are grouped together Organisms that are similar are kept separated Animals live in different areas depending on the time of their life
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Theophrastus Greek botanist, student of Aristotle
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Theophrastus Divided plants into 3 groups based on physical structures
Herbs – nonwoody stems Shrubs – multiple stems Trees – one main stem (trunk) First taxonomist to introduce the idea of classifying based on structural similarities
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2000 years go by!
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Why create a new classification system after 2000 years?
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New organisms are discovered!
1. European explorers 2. Technological Advances 3. Leeuwenhoek’s invention of the microscope
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John Ray 17th century English botanist
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John Ray Kept Theophrastus’ idea of using structural similarities
Divided seed plants into categories based on the structure of their seed First taxonomist to devise a universal naming system Used Latin Why? Dead language, meanings won’t change Made the name descriptive
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What organism is this? dianthus floribus solitarus squamis calycinis subovatis brevissimis corollis crenatis A Carnation
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Problems with John Ray’s plan
Too long to remember!
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Kudos for John Ray’s plan
Everyone will be able to communicate no matter their native language Chose Latin as the common language
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Carolus Linnaeus 18th century “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
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Linnaeus Creationist Created the taxonomy system still being used today Based on physical similarities Uses a universal naming system with Latin Hierarchical system (smaller groups are organized into larger groups)
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Linnaeus’ hierarchical system
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Dumb kids playing catch on freeways get smashed…
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Rules for Binomial Nomenclature
1st word is the genus and is always capitalized 2nd word is the species and is always lowercase The chosen species name is usually a descriptive adjective of the organism Underline the scientific name when handwritten Italicize the scientific name when typed Abbreviation can be used after the entire name has been written once
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Binomial Nomenclature
Acer rubrum Acer saccharium Escherichia coli The red maple The sugar maple E. coli
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Kudos for Linnaeus’ Plan
Adaptable Gives a lot of information in one name
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Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
unicellular prokaryotic differ in the composition of their cell walls
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Kingdom Protista algae & protozoans autotrophic and heterotrophic
mobile and stationary unicellular and colonial eukaryotic cells that aren’t animals, plants, or fungi
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Kingdom Fungi eukaryotic all heterotrophic unicellular and colonial
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Kingdom Plantae eukaryotic all multicellular with true tissues
most autotrophic
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Kingdom Animalia eukaryotic all multicellular with true tissues
all heterotrophic
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Dichotomous Key “Biological key”
A series of paired statements used to identify a specimen.
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Biological Species Concept
“A group of similar organisms” Members of a species are structurally similar but do have a degree of variation. Members of a species can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring under natural conditions.
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Problems… (read pages 214-215)
Asexual reproduction Canis familaris Environmental changes effects development Ecotypes
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Biblical Kinds natural groupings of organisms that have the ability to interbreed
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Baraminology the study of classification based on biblical kinds
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Speciation the formation of a new species Does speciation occur? Yes
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Isolation result of migration
the moving of organisms from one area to another types geographic isolation behavioral isolation
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Speciation the formation of a new species Should rapid speciation be troublesome for Creationists? Is speciation a result of evolution? No No
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Yes No Adaptation Does adaptation happen?
any inheritable characteristic that gives a survival advantage to an organism Does adaptation happen? Is adaptation the result of evolution? Yes No
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