1. 55
Administering Medications
Lesson 3:
Immunizations

2. Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter.
List the precautions used when administering an injection to an infant or small child.

3. Immunizations
Given to humans to decrease their susceptibility to disease
Immunized human body can resist invasion of germs that would otherwise cause the disease the person has been immunized against
If individual's natural immune system is compromised, individual is more at risk of becoming sick

4. Immunizations Antibodies
Protein substances produced by lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, tissues
Respond to defend against antigens or foreign substances

5. Immunizations Antibodies
Defensive process occurs when individual contracts an illness
During the illness, body begins to develop antibodies to fight off the disease

6. Immunizations Antibodies
After individual has recovered from the illness, individual less likely to contract same illness again
Immunity either genetic (inborn) or acquired
Antibodies involved when genetic immunity occurs
Acquired immunity does involve development of antibodies

7. Immunizations Antibodies
Development of acquired immunity may be either natural or artificial and acquired through active or passive means
Artificially acquired active immunity to a disease develops in response to receiving a vaccination with inactive (dead) or attenuated (weakened) organisms of that disease

8. Immunizations
Through immunizations and vaccines, individuals prepared to fight off a disease
Each year Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends certain individuals receive influenza vaccination

9. Immunizations Children aged six months up to their 19th birthday
Pregnant women
People 50 years of age and older
People of any age with certain chronic medical conditions
People who live in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities

10. Immunizations
People who live with or care for those at high risk for complications from flu
Health care workers
Household contacts of persons at high risk for complications from the flu
Household contacts and out-of-home caregivers of children less than 6 months of age (these children too young to be vaccinated)

11. Immunizations Childhood and Adolescent Immunizations
Annual recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule issued each year by the:
American Academy of Pediatrics
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the CDC
American Academy of Family Physicians

12. Immunizations Childhood and Adolescent Immunizations
Schedule indicates recommended ages for routine administration of childhood vaccines

13. Immunizations Childhood and Adolescent Immunizations
CDC provides vaccine information sheets (VIS) given to parents or guardians before administration of a vaccine to a child
Parent or guardian generally required to sign a statement acknowledging receipt of VIS and consenting to immunization administration

14. Immunizations Diptheria Vaccine Diphtheria is acute infectious disease
Spread by direct and indirect contact
Diagnosed through a throat culture
Symptoms: headache, fever, sore throat
Treatable but can be quite serious
Vaccine given to children in five separate doses
Fifth dose given between 4 to 6 years

15. Immunizations Pertussis Vaccine Pertussis also known as whooping cough
Respiratory disease
Common in children under 4
Violent cough with whooping sound

16. Immunizations Pertussis Vaccine Caused by bacteria
Transmitted by direct and indirect contact
Once child is immunized, child no longer susceptible to contracting this disease

17. Immunizations Tetanus Vaccine Disease of the nervous system
Caused by bacterium that enters through a break in the skin
Symptoms: fever, elevated blood pressure, and severe muscle spasms

18. Immunizations Tetanus Vaccine Not contagious Rare in United States
Occurrence of death low; can occur in people over the age of 60

19. Immunizations DTaP vaccine
When children receive a vaccine for tetanus, usually given in combination vaccine of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis known as DTaP vaccine
Five DTaP shots required to protect a child
Last booster given between 4 and 6 years

20. Immunizations DTaP vaccine
Td vaccine does not contain pertussis vaccine
Contains less diphtheria toxoid contained in DTaP vaccine
Td vaccine given to children 7 years and older

21. Immunizations DTaP vaccine
DT vaccine contains diphtheria and tetanus toxoids but no pertussis
DT vaccine given to children under age of 7

22. Immunizations Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib) Conjugate Vaccine
1 out of 200 children in United States under 5 years of age contracts Hib
Caused by bacterium
Spread though the air
Enters lungs or bloodstream
Hib vaccine became available in 1985

23. Immunizations Hepatitis A Vaccine Hepatitis A caused by a virus
Most common type of hepatitis in United States
Affects liver; does not cause long-term affects

24. Immunizations Hepatitis A Vaccine
Spread through personal contact or by eating contaminated food or drinking water
Vaccine given to children over 2 years old
Encouraged for those who travel overseas

25. Immunizations Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis B caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Transmitted by contaminated serum in blood transfusions or through use of contaminated needles or instruments

26. Immunizations Hepatitis B Vaccine
Form of viral hepatitis, highly contagious, can be fatal
Recommended that soon after birth all infants be given first dose of hepatitis B

27. Immunizations Hepatitis B Vaccine
Child should receive total of four doses
Last dose should not be given to infant before age 24 weeks
Special attention should be paid to CDC's vaccination requirements for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers or infants born to mothers whose HBsAg status is unknown

28. Immunizations Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
HPV is virus that can infect sexually active males and females
In some, cause genital warts or cancer of cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anus, or of oropharynx as a result of oral sex

29. Immunizations Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Two vaccines available to prevent some types of HPV infection
Gardasil
Cervatrix

30. Immunizations Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
CDC recommends vaccination of 11- and 12-year-old girls (can be given as early as age 9) before girls become sexually active
Can be given to females age 13 through 26
Can be administered to boys at same ages recommended for girls and to adult males up to the age of 26

31. Immunizations Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
Once child given MMR, child protected for life
MMR given in two doses
Can be given separately

32. Immunizations Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
Virus causes measles; extremely serious and can result in brain damage, deafness, death
Mumps not as serious a disease as measles but could result in undesired side effects including meningitis, encephalitis, deafness

33. Immunizations Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles
Mild disease; affects individual for 24 hours
Caused by virus

34. Immunizations Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
Spread through close contact
Can strike adults and unborn children
If pregnant woman has rubella, high probability infant will be born with birth defects

35. Immunizations Pneumococcal Vaccine
According to CDC, this bacterium kills more people in United States each year than any other vaccine-preventable disease
By obtaining vaccine, individuals protected against seven strains of pneumococcal bacterium

36. Immunizations Pneumococcal Vaccine
Pneumococcal bacteria spread through the air
Winter and early spring when pneumococcal infections occur

37. Immunizations Varicella Vaccine Varicella, or chickenpox
One of most common childhood diseases
Caused by virus and spread through the air

38. Immunizations Varicella Vaccine
Uncomfortable illness; usually not serious
Varicella vaccine licensed in United States in 1995

39. Immunizations Polio Vaccine Polio caused by a virus
Spread through contact with feces
Vaccine available since 1955
Polio has disappeared in United States
Still common in some parts of the world
Important children even in United States be immunized

40. Immunizations Polio Vaccine Two types of polio vaccines
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
Live oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Now recommended all children receive polio vaccine by injection

41. Immunizations Adult and Other Immunizations
Adults 65 and older should receive:
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV)
Shingles vaccine (Zostavax)
Adults and children who travel abroad must obtain, before travel, additional vaccines, immunizations, and preventive medications recommended by CDC

42. Reconstituting a Powdered Medication
Some medications supplied in powdered or dry form
Medications supplied in powdered form generally have longer shelf life

43. Reconstituting a Powdered Medication
To be injected, these powdered medications must be reconstituted with diluents, usually sterile water
Once diluent is added to the powder and mixed well, appropriate dose is drawn up and administered to the patient

44. Reconstituting a Powdered Medication for Administration
Gather supplies, perform hand hygiene, and apply gloves
Select correct medication and diluent, perform the "three checks," verify dosage against physician's order, and calculate dosage if necessary

45. Reconstituting a Powdered Medication for Administration
Remove top from powder medication and top from diluent, then wipe the tops of both vials with separate alcohol swabs

46. Reconstituting a Powdered Medication for Administration
Insert a sterile needle through rubber stopper on vial of diluent
Withdraw appropriate amount of diluent and add to the powder medication
Remove needle from vial and discard in sharps container

47. Reconstituting a Powdered Medication for Administration
To ensure that medication is mixed well, roll vial between the palms of your hands
Label mixed vial with strength of medication prepared, time and date, your initials, and expiration date

48. Questions? 48