1. RIVETING BY
Sukhbir Singh

2. Overview – Joining Materials
OPTION
The student will learn about…
The methods by which materials are joined – permanent and semi-permanent techniques
The student will be able to…
Demonstrate a knowledge of the main methods of joining materials – metallurgical processes, mechanical joining and adhesive/chemical bonding

3. Overview – Joining Processes
JOINING TECHNIQUES
P = Permanent
NP = Non-permanent
Metallurgical
Brazing
Soldering
Mechanical
Screw Fasteners
Compression Joints
Riveting
Sheet Metal Folding
Adhesive
Natural
Elastomer
Thermoplastic
Thermoset
Toughened NP P P P NP P P P P P P

4. JOINING PROCESSES MECHANICAL Screw Fasteners
These are non-permanent methods of joining materials. There is a very wide variety of screw fasteners available they include;
Woodscrews
Self-drilling/tapping screws
Machine screws
Furniture screws
Bolts
Compression Joints

5. JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Screw Fasteners
Woodscrews

6. JOINING PROCESSES MECHANICAL Screw Fasteners Woodscrews
Wood Screw Pozi Head CSK
Wood Screws Round Head Slotted

7. Furniture Screws & ‘Knock Down’ fittings
JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Screw Fasteners
Furniture Screws
Furniture Screws & ‘Knock Down’ fittings

8. JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Screw Fasteners
Knock Down Fittings

9. JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Self Drilling/Tapping Screws

10. JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Machine Screws

11. Chrome Hexagonal Bolts
JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Bolts
Hexagon Flange Bolts
Chrome Hexagonal Bolts
Hexagon Socket Head

12. JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Nuts & Washers

13. Used primarily in plumbing applications
JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Compression Fittings
Straight Coupling
Equal Tee
Used primarily in plumbing applications

14. This is a permanent joining process
JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Pop Rivets
Pop Riveting Tool with Threaded Inserts
This is a permanent joining process

15. These are used for permanent joints in steel plate
JOINING PROCESSES
MECHANICAL
Rivets
Snap Head Rivet
Countersunk Rivet
These are used for permanent joints in steel plate

16. JOINING PROCESSES METALURGICAL Soldering Electric Soldering Iron
Electric Cable
Replaceable Tip
Insulated Handle
Electric Soldering Iron

17. JOINING PROCESSES METALURGICAL Soldering Soldering Iron Stand
Soldering Wire

18. JOINING PROCESSES METALURGICAL Soldering a Component on
A Circuit Board
Component Lead
Soldering Iron
Circuit Board
Foil
The soldering iron tip is placed against the lead and the circuit board foil. Both are heated for 3 or 4 seconds

19. JOINING PROCESSES METALURGICAL Soldering a Component on
A Circuit Board
Cored Solder Wire
The solder is applied to the lead opposite the soldering iron. It is the heated lead and circuit board foil that melts the solder

20. JOINING PROCESSES METALURGICAL Soldering a Component on
A Circuit Board
Molten Solder
As the solder melts it flows around the connection and forms a good conductive joint with the foil. The soldering wire and the soldering iron are then withdrawn and the joint is allowed to cool

21. JOINING PROCESSES METALURGICAL Brazing Firebrick Brazing Torch
Brazing Hearth

22. JOINING PROCESSES METALURGICAL Brazing
Whole of joint area is heated and it is the heated joint that melts the Spelter
Brazing Torch
Brazing Rod (Spelter)

23. Typical Brazing Applications
JOINING PROCESSES
METALURGICAL
Brazing
Typical Brazing Applications

24. JOINING PROCESSES Adhesives Natural Adhesives
These are made from natural ingredients rather than being fabricated synthetically from chemicals.
Sources
Animal based
Fish based
Vegetable based

25. JOINING PROCESSES Adhesives Natural Adhesives
Some natural adhesives have the following properties, they can be;
Strong
Flexible
Waterproof
Soluble in water
Transparent
However they are not as strong as synthetic adhesives and are usually more expensive

26. JOINING PROCESSES Adhesives Natural Adhesives
Are often used in furniture and architectural restoration projects
They are also friendlier to the environment;
No chemicals released into the soil or atmosphere in production or use
No aggravation of chemical based allergies
Manufactured from renewable resources

27. JOINING PROCESSES Adhesives Elastomer Adhesives Type Description
Are based on natural and synthetic rubbers. They set by solvent evaporation or heat curing. Used for flexible bonds in plastics and rubber
Type
Description
Materials
Natural Rubber
Water resistant
Rubber, plastics, steel, fabrics, wood, glass
Neoprene
Contact adhesive
Wood, metal, leather, plastics
Butyl Rubber
Tyre repairs
Rubber products
Polyurethane
High strength joint
Glass, polyurethane, plastic, metals
Silicone Rubber
Sealant, space filling, water resistant, glazing
Silicone, glass, metals

28. JOINING PROCESSES Adhesives Thermoplastic Adhesives Type Description
Are fusible, soluble but with poor heat and creep resistance
Type
Description
Materials
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA)
Emulsion type wood glue, poor resistance to water
Wood, metal, glass, ceramics
Cyanoacrylates
Hardens in seconds based on catalytic action
Metal, plastics, ceramics, etc
Polyamines
Applied hot – sets on cooling (hot glue gun)
Metal, wood, plastics, laminates
Anerobic Acrylic Acid Diesters
Locking and sealing nuts and threaded parts
Metals

29. JOINING PROCESSES Adhesives Thermoset Adhesives Type Description
High strength, suitable for high load assemblies and resistant to heat and cold. Comparable with the strength of welded or riveted joints
Type
Description
Materials
Resorcinol Resins
Used in exterior plywood
Wood and other porous materials
Polyesters (unsaturated)
Hardens by chemical reaction, not evaporation – very little shrinkage
Binder for fibre glass
Epoxy Resin
2-part, high strength, little shrinkage
Metal, glass, elastomers, some plastics
Redux© adhesive (brand name)
High performance, aerospace, marine, automobiles
Metals

30. JOINING PROCESSES Adhesives Toughened Adhesives
Research has led to the development of high strength, toughened adhesives.
They have small rubber-like particles dispersed throughout the glassy matrix.
This gives the adhesive a high resistance to crack formation