1. 12.4 Mutations
Changes in the genetic material
Mistake in copying (carcinogens)
*Single gene or
*Entire chromosome

2. Gene Mutations Changes in a single gene
1. Explain what a POINT MUTATION is
2. Explain THREE types of P.M.
3. Explain what a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION IS
4. Which P.M. are frameshifts?

3. Chromosomal Mutations
-Changes in the no. or structure of chromosomes 5. Explain what a chromosomal mutation is. 6. What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?

4. 7. Explain three possible consequences of mutations.
8. Describe a polyploid plant. What would it look like? Describe its genetic makeup.

5. Point Mutations Changes in 1 or a few nucleotides
Substitutions – affect no more than a single amino acid

6. Insertions and deletions
Frameshift Mutations
Insertions and deletions
They shift the reading frame of the genetic message… remember bases are read in groups of three
Entire protein can be ruined

7. Chromosomal Mutations
Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
Can change locations of genes on chromosomes or number of copies of some genes

8. Chromosomal Mutations

9. Are mutations harmful?
Most have little to no effect on gene expression or protein function
Some harmful…genetic disorders
Source of genetic variability in species
Polyploidy – set of chromosomes does not separate (nondisjunction)

12. 12.5 Gene Regulation
Expressed gene is one that is transcribed into RNA
Regulatory site is where other proteins binding to the DNA can regulate transcription
Promoter is the RNA polymerase binding site
Operon is a group of genes that operate together

15. Eukaryotic Gene Expression

16. Differentiation Cells become specialized in structure and function
Hox genes-control differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo