1. Nuclear flash burns: A review and consideration
Teruichi Harada 
Burns Open 
Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 1-7 (January 2018)
DOI: /j.burnso
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2. Fig. 1
Profile of flash light and simplified effect tests. (a) The flash lights were white and could be divided into three categories. An infrared ray (IRR) is colorless and is absorbed at the surface of materials. Visual light with long wavelength (VLL) is mainly red in color, and does not react to collagen matrix and blood, but is absorbed by pigments and releases heat. Visual light with short wavelength (VLS) is mainly green in color, and absorbed by pigments and the hemoglobin in erythrocytes and releases heat. (b) A simplified experimental model like the human skin. The skin with subcutaneous tissue of the simple model is composed mainly of the following: collagen protein as the tissue matrix, pigment as a barrier against ultraviolet rays, blood vessels, and water component. The translucent layer was made of gelatin containing collagen protein and water, the red layer was the human blood, and the black layer was an Indian ink, which contained black ash colloid. Each layer resembled the human components of the skin. (c) After radiation of the laser beam with about 10,000 nm wavelength (IRR), with a total power of 3–4 J/cm2. The superficial tissue is vapored. (d) After radiation of the laser beam with 694 nm wavelength (VLL). It passed through the human blood layer but was absorbed at the pigments, forming CO2 bubbles and water vapor. The power is 4.0 J/cm2. (e) After radiation of laser beam with 595 nm wavelength (VLS). The blood expanded rapidly and largely. The power is 30 J/cm2. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
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3. Fig. 2
The effects of IRR (infrared ray). Approximately 3 h after the explosion in Hiroshima (Photo, Yoshito Matsushige; Possessor, The Chugoku Shimbun Co., Ltd.; Permission No., B-419). (a) The hair was burned, the arm was damaged, and the clothes were torn. (b) A girl with crumbled clothes.
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4. Fig. 3
The effects of VLL (visual light with long wavelength). (a) The design of her clothes was printed on her shoulder because of the heat. This means that visual light is absorbed in pigments for colored clothes. (b) Even superficial burns formed enormous keloids (Cited from Ref. [10], Permission by Elsevier, License No.: ).
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5. Fig. 4
Healing model of superficial burn wounds in the rat. (Cited from References [11]; Photo, Teruichi Harada; Possessor, Health Publisher, Japan; Permission Date, August 31, 2017). (a) The hair follicles are preserved. A new epidermis regenerated from the hair follicles can be observed just under the slough. (b) A case of hair follicle disappearance due to the experimental procedure. No regenerated epidermis can be found under the slough. This type of wound is called deep dermal burns (DDB), cannot heal smoothly, and tends to form keloids.
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6. Fig. 5
The effects of VLS (visual light with short wavelength). (a) After radiation with a laser beam using 595-nm wavelength (VLS). VbeamⅡ™ (Syneron Candela Co., Ltd) was used because it was the most advanced device to measure the elasticity in the output pattern. The power was 40 J/cm2 to imitate the power at 1500–2000 m from ground zero. (This power is more than twice the upper limit of medical laser treatment and does not occur in the body in the usual usage.) (b) Close-up view of the surface of the blood. The blood expanded rapidly and many air bubbles can be observed, which simultaneously disappeared soon.
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7. Fig. 6
Photographs of deep flash burns and peeling off from the subcutaneous tissue. (a) The skin is peeled off and the swollen shoulder muscle can be observed (3 h after explosion) (Photo, Yoshito Matsushige; Possessor, The Chugoku Shimbun Co., Ltd.; Permission No., B-419). (b) Extensive flash burns (1 day after the onset) (Photo, Masami Onuka; Possessor, The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum; Permission Date, August 21, 2017). (c) Close-up view of the right upper arm and a concaved wound after peeling off. (d) Close-up view of the right forearm. A long fissure and a blood blister at the lower end can be observed. These findings are believed to be just before peeling off.
Burns Open 2018 2, 1-7DOI: ( /j.burnso )
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