1. LEC: Energy Transformations in Living Organisms: Cellular Respiration

2. Review: Producers Producers get their energy from the sun.
Producers convert this light energy into stored chemical energy (glucose).
This process is called photosynthesis.

3. Review: Consumers Consumers get their energy from the producers.
Consumers convert stored chemical energy (glucose) into usable chemical energy (ATP).
This process is called cellular respiration.

4. Cellular Respiration (aerobic)
Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down to release energy for making ATP, another form of chemical energy.

5. Aerobic Respiration – Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O H2O + 6 CO ATP
food
(glucose, a carbohydrate)
oxygen
water
carbon
dioxide
Does this look familiar?

6. BioTheme: Interdependence!
Photosynthesis:
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (sun) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (ATP)

7. Why ATP? An analogy to money…
Glucose in our food is a great source of energy! ($100 bill)
However, individual cell processes may only require a small amount of energy ($1 bill)
Analogy: most vending machines do not accept $100 bills! We need a smaller form of “currency” for these processes.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is this important cellular “currency” for life.
ATP releases more appropriate amounts of energy for the individual cellular processes that require energy.
(We will study this molecule in detail in our next activity!)

8. Do only animals respire? Or do plants respire too?
The BIG Question is…
Do only animals respire?
Or do plants respire too?
Only plants perform photosynthesis
Plants AND animals perform cellular respiration!
(Can you explain why??)

9. Site of Cellular Respiration
Plant and animal cells contain mitochondria: cell structures that transform chemical energy from glucose to ATP.

10. Significant ATP Production
Aerobic cellular respiration releases energy SLOWLY, using oxygen to convert ONE molecule of glucose to 36 ATP!

11. Cellular Respiration (anaerobic)
What happens when cells don’t have enough oxygen?
Some organisms live in an oxygen-free environment. How do they get their energy?

12. Cellular Respiration (anaerobic)
Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation, or the process by which energy is released from glucose when oxygen is NOT available.
This process allows organisms to continue to produce energy until oxygen is available.
However, this process only releases 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.

13. Alcoholic Fermentation
Anaerobic way of converting energy for yeast and other microorganisms
Glucose broken down to produce alcohol, CO2 and energy (ATP)
C6H12O6  ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP
EX: baking bread with yeast
fermenting wine & beer

14. Fermentation - Bread Source of sugar? DOUGH! (sugar and/or flour)
Yeast use up the O2 and ferment sugar
Produce CO2, which is trapped within
tiny bubbles & results in the dough rising
Produce ethanol, which evaporates in the baking process

15. Fermentation - Wine Source of sugar? GRAPES!
Yeast use up the O2 and ferment sugar
Produce CO2 (kept only in champagne)
Produce ethanol (% alcohol varies based on sugar content of grapes and # of fermentations)

16. Fermentation - Beer Source of sugar? BARLEY!
Yeast use up the O2 and ferment sugar
Hops are added as a preservative
and for added flavor
Produce CO2 and ethanol also
Various carbohydrates can be used to make alcohol – including wheat, rice, and potatoes!

17. Other side effects of fermentation?!
“Drunken Swedish moose drowns after fermented apple binge”
“Drunk Moose Invade Seniors Home”

18. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Anaerobic way of converting energy in animal cells and some microorganisms
Glucose broken down to produce lactic acid, CO2 and energy (ATP)
C6H12O6  lactic acid + CO2 + 2 ATP
EX: muscle cells during strenuous exercise
fermenting cheese, yogurt, sour cream

19. Strenuous Exercise
Lactic acid is produced by your muscle cells during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough O2 to tissues.
Without enough O2, the body is NOT able to produce all of the ATP that is required.
The buildup of lactic acid can cause painful burning in your muscles!

20. Minimal ATP Production
In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration only releases 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose broken down.

21. Comparing ATP Production
First, your body breaks down glucose through aerobic respiration to produce 36 ATP per glucose molecule; however, this is a slow process.
When muscle cells cannot get enough O2 they break down glucose through lactic acid fermentation to produce 2 ATP per glucose…
Therefore, AEROBIC RESPIRATION is much more efficient in terms of ATP production – ATP compared to 2 ATP!

22. Aerobic Training Ex: long runs, biking, swimming
Can increase the size and number of mitochondria in muscle cells
Can increase the delivery of O2 to muscles by improving the heart and lungs

23. Anaerobic Training Ex: sprints, strides, quick bursts of energy
Increase the glycogen levels in the muscles
Increase body’s tolerance to lactic acid