1. Animal Cell
Chromatin

2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Bases/Base Pairs Nucleotides 1. 2.
3. Nitrogenous Base
Base Pairs:
A – T
C – G

3. DNA Organization Chromatin organized: DNA Histones
One Duplicated Chromosome

4. Human Chromosomes A Pair of Duplicated Chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex
Chromosomes
46 individual chromosomes / 23 pairs of chromosomes
they are the same - code for same type of trait
they are different - code for different version of trait

5. Understanding the Numbers
1 chromosome is 1 large DNA molecule
a gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides
ATTCCGTAGCTGATCGTAAAGGG
genes per chromosome
25,000-30,000 genes per human genome

6. DNA Functions
Heredity
Replication
Protein Synthesis

7. Replication Making an exact copy of DNA
Occurs just prior to cell division
Double helix unwinds
DNA polymerase adds bases
Two exact copies are made

8. Protein Synthesis Transcription DNA to mRNA Translation
mRNA to Protein

9. From Gene to Protein
DNA
RNA
Protein

10. Genetic Code
Codons
three base code
Code for specific
amino acids

11. Point Mutation Spontaneous Mutation Environmental Insult Mutagenesis
Carcinogenesis
Mutation is corrected

12. Point Mutation
Mutation is
not corrected
Mutation is
corrected

13. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation

14. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation

15. Two-Hit Hypothesis Born with 2 genes or alleles for any given disease:
one from mom
one from dad
If one is bad, this
increases your
chance of getting
the disease

16. Cancer in Women

17. Lung Cancer

18. The Neuron

19. Nerves
Bundles of Axons
Same function
Phrenic nerve
Alcohol Overdose

20. Axonal Membrane of a Neuron

21. Ion Channels
Cell membrane proteins that pass ions in and out of the cell
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
gates are regulated by membrane voltage
Chemical-Gated Ion Channels (also called Receptors)
gates are regulated by neurotransmitters
Iontotropic
fast
Metabotropic (G-protein coupled)
requires second messenger cascade
slow

22. Chemical-Gated Ion Channels
Iontotropic
Metabotropic

23. Electrochemical Gradient
Inside the Cell
More K+
Less Na+
Outside the Cell
More Na+
Less K+
Ion Flow Mantra: Na+ In, K+ out

24. Depolarization/Hyperpolarization

25. Action Potential Phases2
Rapid 3 1
Threshold 4
Phase Ion responsible Ion Channel Responsible
1. Threshold Na+ Chemical-gated Na+ channel
2. Rapid Depolarization Na+ Voltage-gated Na+ channel
3. Repolarization K+ Voltage -gated K+ channel
4. After Hyperpolarizatoin K+ Na+/K+ pumps

26. Na+/K+ Pumps After the Action Potential,
Na+/K+ pumps move Na+ ions back out of the cell and move K+ ions back into the cell
The movement is against the concentration gradient of each ion so it requires energy (ATP)
The pumps move 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions

27. Unmyelinated Propagation

28. Myelinated Propagation

29. Synaptic Action Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels Synaptic Potentials: EPSP
IPSP

30. Synaptic Potentials Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
triggered by excitatory neurotransmitters
open ligand-gated Na+ channels
allows Na+ to flow inside the cell
causing a slight depolarization of the postsynaptic cell
moves the postsynaptic cell closer to firing an action potential
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
triggered by inhibitory neurotransmitters
open ligand-gated K+ channels or Cl- channels
allows K+ to flow out of the cell or Cl- to flow inside the cell
causing a slight hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell
moves the postsynaptic cell further from firing an action potential

31. The Battle to -55mV
IPSP
EPSP

32. Brain Organization

33. Spinal Cord Anatomy Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in
Ventral Horn: Motor information out

34. Spinothalamic Tract
Carries sensation of pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure, tickle and itch to the Somatosensory Cortex

35. Cranial Nerves I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear
smell
II. Optic
vision
III. Oculomotor
eye movement
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
face movement
mastication
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
face/tongue movement
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
hearing/balance
IX. Glossopharyngeal
taste/swallowing
X. Vagus
parasympathetic NS
XI. Accessory
neck movement
XII. Hypoglossal
tongue movement
swallowing
Cranial Nerves

36. Brainstem Brainstem: arousal center (ARAS) sensory in pathway
motor out pathway
Midbrain
Superior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Pons
REM sleep
Medulla
breathing center
cardiac center

37. Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
Arousal Center

38. Cerebellum Motor Coordination Fine tuning of: sensory systems emotions
learning and memory
Autism
decreased cerebellum size

39. Thalamus and Hypothalamus
relay station
Hypothalamus
regulation center

40. Nucleus Reticularis Thalami
NRT:
GABA cells
Gatekeeper

41. Hypothalamic Nuclei hunger/thirst blood pressure/heart rate
blood pressure/shivering
stress
satiety
sex
memory
reproduction
thermoregulation
reproduction
circadian rhythms

42. Limbic System Emotion Rewards Memory smell aggression fear learning
recognition memory
smell recognition?
memory

43. Basal Ganglia Movement Parkinson’s Disease cell death in
substantia nigra

44. Cortical Lobes Frontal: Strategy and Planning Motor area Parietal:
Somatosensory area
Temporal:
Audition, Language
Occipital:
Vision