1. Carboxylic acid

2. Introduction
Carboxylic acids are compounds containing the carboxyl group, RCOOH
A carboxyl group contains a carbonyl group, C=O, present in aldehydes and ketones. And a hydroxyl group, -OH present in alcohols. However the two groups influence and change the properties of each other.

3. Nomenclature of carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the –e of the coressponding alkane by –oic followed by the acid. For example,

4. Name the following

5. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are very polar due to both the carbonyl group and the hydroxyl group
Carboxylic acids can H-bond with each other, and in fact exist primarily of dimers (two molecules held together by H-bonding)
Because of the above properties, carboxylic acids have high boiling points (higher than corresponding alcohols)
Those with less than 5 carbons are soluble in water
- those with more than 5 C’s can be soluble when ionized

7. carboxylic acids are more soluble in water than are alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones of comparable molecular weight

8. Preparation of COOH Oxidation of primary alcohol
When primary alcohol is heated under reflux with a solution of potassium manganate (VII) or sodium dichromate (VI), the carboxylic acid is formed.

9. Oxidation of aldehyde
The reagents and conditions are the same as those for the oxidation of primary alcohols given above.

10. 3. Hydrolysis of nitriles
When a nitrile is heated under reflux with dilute H2SO4, it is hydrolysed to the carboxylic acid.

11. 4. Hydrolysis of ester
When an ester is heated with an aqueos alkali, sodium hydroxide, the alcohol is liberated and the acid is left as the sodium salt.
The acid can be obtained by distilling the sodium salt with an acid.

12. 5. Oxidation of alkyl benzene
When an alkyl benzene is heated under reflux with a solution of potassium manganate (VII) acidified with dilute H2SO4 , benzoic acid is formed.

13. Exercise Write equation for the following reactions.
Ethanol is heated with acidified KMnO4
Ethanal is heated with acidied KMnO4
Propylbenzene is refluxed with acidified KMnO4
Ethanenitrile is heated with dilute HCl

14. Chemical reactions React with bases or alkalis to form salts
React with PCl5 or SOCl2 at room temperature to form acyl chlorides

15. Acid Chlorides from RCOOH
Reaction with Thionyl Chloride
Reaction with Phosphorus Trichloride
Reaction with Phosphorus Pentachloride

16. 3. React with alcohols in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 to form esters. 4. Reduction – React with LiAlH4 to form primary alcohols

17. 5. React with electropositive metals to form salts and H2 gas.
Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids undergo dehydration to form amides.

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