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The Urban Game - Directions: Each group will receive a large sheet of paper (~15x20) to draw your village in pencil. Use the template provided here and sketch each of the structures upon instruction. It is crucial that size for each of the “characters” in the city be the same. Please note – progress stops for no one, so as we move further into the game, the rounds will speed up. Be prepared to draw quickly and work as a team! Let’s go back in time now. The year is 1700 & the nation is England. The scene is a rural village… COMMONS
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The Urban Game - Questions to Consider:
1. What were the greatest issues that you encountered when urbanization occurred? 2. What were some things that you could have done differently? 3. What else would you want in your city that wasn’t included in the game? 4. Describe the village when it first started? 5. What factors led to an increase in population in the village? 6. How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the village/city? Use specific examples. 7. How did the village change over time from village to city? Cite specific examples from your map. 8. What were some of the impacts that industrialization had on your village and its people over time?
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Global History Ms. Zafonte “Industrial Revolution 1”
Aim: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? Do Now: How did technology affect your lives today, from the time you woke up until now. List the ways. HW: See engrade SWBAT: -Explain the factors that lead to the Industrial Revolution -Describe the factors that contributed to the IR in Great Britain -Evaluate whether or not technology is a blessing or a curse 3
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Unit 4:Industrial Revolution 1750-1900
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16th-18th Century: New Ideas Brewing in Europe
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Let’s Get Reacquainted with Life in the 1700s
How did people heat their homes? How did farmers plow fields? What powered the factories that manufactured raw materials? How did people travel? To work, across long distances? Across the ocean? 6
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Agrarian Revolution Before the Industrial Revolution, the cycle of nature determined the lives of humans around the globe. Prior to 18th c, wood had served as a primary source of fuel for iron production, home heating & cooking. But now coal is going to play a role. Changes in agriculture sets the stage for the IR 1. Technology: British used fertilizer to improve their soil. Jethro Tull invented the seed drill, which plants seeds in rows. Water mills & windmills created energy for power. Q: what is the problem with wood? 7
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Agrarian Revolution 2. Enclosure Movement:
Private & public lands were not separated by fences as they are today. Every village had a public area called the commons (land which was available to anyone for pasturing, hunting & gatherin of fire wood. Fencing off the commons land. Result: Many farm laborers were thrown out of work, but more food was produced. The four-course crop rotation system (wheat–turnips–barley–clover), no fallow land. Enclosure mvmt drove peasants off their land & thereby created the workforce needed for factories & mines. Q: What was the three-field system & when was it used? Present-day Enclosed Farmland 8
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Agrarian Revolution 3. Increased Food Production - AR saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity & net output. - Animal breeders used selective breeding to create optimal species. - New crops (potatoes, red clover) allowed farmers to feed livestock throughout winter. 4. Population Explosion: Population rose sharply during the 18 & 19c, reflected rising prosperity. 1700 – 1800 pop. of Europe went from 105 mil mil, during 19c-390 mil. 1800 – 1900 in US 6 mil to 76 mil. British 10.5 million – 37.5 million Germany 18 million – 43 million. Q: Why did Darwin describe selective breeding in his book Origins of the Species? Q: What is the Industrial Revolution? How Would you define it? 9
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Patterns of Industrialization
IR - Means of production of goods shifted from handicrafts to complex machines & from human & animal power to steam power. Technology developed rapidly & production increased Factory production strongly encouraged the emergence of new divisions of labor as interchangeable parts & belt-driven assembly lines. Machine production raised worker productivity, encouraged economic specialization, & promoted the growth of large-scale enterprise. Q: What are the causes of the Industrial Revolution? Q: Where and when did it begin? Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It not only changed how goods were produced & consumed, but had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations & culture. Although it is common to speak of an Industrial Revolution, the process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the 18th & 19th centuries, eventually becoming global
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Causes of the IR – Why it Began in Britain
Began in Britain, around 1750. 1. Improved agricultural production. 2. Geography & Resources: Europe’s largest supply of coal, iron & timber & its distribution. Easy reach to the water (Atlantic Ocean). -Abundance of rivers & canals 3. Population growth (Demographic Change): Growth in population led to huge pool of workers to mine coal & iron, build factories, & run machines. Pools of skilled labor. -Urbanization China's industrialization happens later b/c the coal producing regions were far from the Yangzi Delta, the most prosperous regions. Q: Can geography determine a country’s success or failure? Q: Why did the IR begin in Britain & not somewhere else? Would the world be different if it had happened somewhere else? 11
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Causes of the IR – Why it Began in Britain
4. Accumulation of capital for Investment: The British overseas empire had made the economy strong. The middle class had the capital to invest in railroads, & factories. 5. Colonies were a source of raw materials & a market to sell manufactured goods. Slaved-based plantations of Brazil, Caribbean Islands, the US supplied Europe with huge amounts of sugar & cotton – increased food & kept the textiles going. (Access to foreign resources) Q: How did the new industries affect European Imperialism? British Empire 1860s 12
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Causes of the IR – Why it Began in Britain
6. Energy & technology: Energy revolution: Transition from water & wind to steam. Coal as energy for heat By 1600, much of Southern England was deforested to support farming & the wood was used for heating & cooking. Coal discovered near surface in England & served as fuel for heat since the Middle Ages. By 1800, England produced 90% of the world’s coal output. Demand for coal led to deeper digging, causing water to fill the bottom of mines. Many different inventions attempted to remove the water from the coal mines. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam engine to assist in removing the water in the mines. Endless supply of coal in mines supported the inefficient engines. The dev. Of machines, incl steam engines & the internal combustion engine, made it possible to explit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal & oil. The fossil fuels revolutions greatly increased the energy available to human society. Q: How does the Newcomen Steam Engine work? 13
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Causes of IR - technology
Most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era was the development of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765 by James Watt. Thomas Newcomen invented an earlier version in 1712 Burned coal to boil water and create steam which drove mechanical devices that performed work. Ocean shipping was the slowest to develop. 19c was an age of steel rather than iron. Bessemer process allowed the cost-effective & reliable production of steel. Crucial to industrialization was the replacement of human & animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam. 7. Political & social conditions: Britain had a stable gov’t that supported economic growth. Q: How does a government’s stability affect the economy? A late version of a Watt double-acting steam engine, in the lobby of the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM (Madrid). Steam engines of this kind propelled the Indus.Rev. in Great Britain and the world
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Technology is a curse on humanity!
Debate Technology is a curse on humanity! Technology is a blessing on humanity! 15
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Cotton Industrial expansion started with Britain’s textiles. Consumer demand led to the transformation of British cotton industry. Cotton was more in demand b/c it was lighter, easier to wash & quicker to dry than wool. 1st industry where mechanization occurs. Demand was so strong that producers had to speed up spinning & weaving to supply growing domestic and foreign markets. 1733 Flying Shuttle by John Kay. Speeded up the weaving process. Crompton’s Spinning Mule Worker using a steam-driven mule could produce a 100x more thread than a worker using a manual spinning wheel. 1830 half a million ppl worked in the cotton business, Britain’s leading industry, which accounted for 40% of the exports. John Kay’s Flying Shuttle Crompton’s Mule
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Industrial Capitalism
Important contribution to the evolving factory system came from Am. Inventor Eli Whitney ( ). Invented the cotton gin & the technique of using machine tools to produce large quantities of interchange parts in the making of firearms. Applied to clocks, sewing machines, shoes, etc. Mass production of standardize articles. 1913 Ford introduced the assembly line to automobile production. Complete car every 93 minutes, compared to 728 mins. before. Q: How did Industrialization spread? A cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum. 1913 Ford Model T Assembly Line
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IR Spread Only in GB for half a century.
N. Am. Businessppl did their best to become acquainted with industrial techniques, would lure British experts to their land. Did not hesitate to bribe or even kidnap engineers, smuggled advance machinery out of Britain, used espionage. By mid 19c, had spread to France, Germany , Belgium & the US. German industrialization proceeded more slowly than did Belgian & French, partly b/c of political instability resulting from competition b/w the many German states. 1900 US had become economic powerhouse As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of nw Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe, US, Russia & Japan
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Industrialization By 1850
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Shares in World Trade: Leading European Nations
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Industrialization – Russia & Japan
By late 19c, Russia & Japan were beginning to industrialize Russia – Tsarist gov’t promoted industrialization by encouraging the construction of railroads to link the distant regions of the empire. In 1860, Russia had less than 700 miles, but by 1900 had over 36,000 miles of railroad. Trans-Siberian line, constructed b/w 1891 &1904. 1900 Russia produced half the world’s oil, & Russian steel production ranked fourth in the world, behind the US, Germany & Britain. Japan – gov’t hired thousands of foreign experts to instruct workers & managers in modern industry. Modernized iron & established dockyards under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Construction of railroads, opening of mines, organization of a banking system. Zaibatsu (wealth family cliques) similar to trusts & cartels that emerged in the US & Europe, but revolved around a single family Both Russia & Japan had gov’t & imperial support of industrialization. US – most important economic development in the late 19c was the construction of railroad lines that linked all US regions.
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Global History Ms. Zafonte “Industrial Revolution 2”
Aim: What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution? Do Now: What are some advantages & disadvantages to living in a big city? HW: See Web site SWBAT:Analyze how the factory system changed worker’s lives -Assess the benefits and drawbacks of technology -Create a persuasive piece opposing Child Labor
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
1. Laissez-Faire Economics: 2. Rise of Big Business 3. New Class Structure 4. Urbanization 5. Working Conditions 6. Changing social roles 7. Improved Transportation 8. Rising Standards of Living
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution – economic
The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the dev. of capitalism & classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith & John Stuart Mill. Laissez-Faire Economics: businesses should operate with little or no govt interference. -Ideas outlined in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations Q: Is this theory similar or different to Mercantilism, why? Q: What is the difference b/w vertical & horizontal organization? Adam Smith
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Effects of the IR - economics
2. Growth in Export Economies: raw materials were needed, countries exported many, profits they made were used to purchase finished goods. 3. Decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies: ex) Textile production in India. 4. Growth of new markets: The rapid increases in productivity causes by Industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods. Ex) British & French attempts to “open up” the Chinese market during the 19th c. 5. The need for specialized & limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver & diamonds as forms of wealth led to the development of extensive mining centers ex) copper mines in Mexico / Gold & Diamond mines in S. Africa.
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Effects of the IR –Industrial Capitalism
2. Rise of Big Business: Big business sprang up b/c machines & factories needed investors. To acquire this money, business owners sold stocks, or shares in their companies/corporations, to investors. When corporation flourished investors received dividends. Some monopolists sought to control industries through vertical organizations, by which they would dominate all facets of single industry. Ex.) Am. petroleum producer Rockefeller ruled Standard Oil Company & Trust, controlled oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing & distribution. Some tried to eliminate competition by horizontal organization, which involved the consolidation of cooperation of indep. companies in the same business. Financial instruments expanded. Ex) stock markets, insurance, gold standard, limited liability corporations. The global nature of trade & production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses. Ex) The United Fruit Company, HSBC To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed & expanded various financial institutions. Q: What effect did the IR have on social classes? Stereotype of a factory owner
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Effects of the IR 3. New Class Structure:
In the Middle Ages, the 2 main classes had been nobles & peasants/ rich & poor. 19c industrialization effect on Europe’s aristocratic class was that it gradually weakened the power & prestige of the aristocratic class. Middle Class is created. Business owners & professionals – doctors, lawyers Merchants, teachers, shop owners Factory workers & peasants Q: What does that saying mean, to rise from rags to riches? Q: Do you think that the poor were responsible for being poor or were their other forces that kept them at the bottom rung of society? New social classes, incld the middle Class & the industrial working class Developed. Family dynamics, gender roles & demographics changes in response to IR Rapid Industrialization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions, as well as to new forms of community. Upstairs / Downstairs Life
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Effects of the IR – Urbanization & Migration
4. Urbanization: Ppl moved from small villages to cities where factories were located. Massive internal & external migrations took place as millions of ppl moved from the countryside to work in new industrial cities. Environmental Pollution came with cities. Working-class ppl lived in crowded tenements, shoddy housing. Wealthy lived in the suburbs. Without a sewage or sanitation system, garbage rotted in the streets. Disease spread. Gov’t later took measures to eliminate disease, built parts & recreational facilities. Migration: Europeans crossed the Atlantic to seek opportunities in less densely populated lands. Of the ppl who migrated to the US – some returned to Europe (1/3 of Italian migrants), but some stayed in the US. 19c migrates came from Britain, Germany, Ireland Scandinavia
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The New Industrial City Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
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Effects of the IR – factor life
In the emerging capitalist society, most manufacturing took place under the putting-out system. To avoid guild restrictions on prices & wages, entrepreneurs paid indivs. to work on materials in their households. In proto-industrialization, which had existed since the Middle Ages, merchants lent - or "put out" - raw textile fibers &, sometimes, simple equipment to peasant families. Merchant would pay the peasant & sell the goods for profit. Proto-industrial factories sprang up, workers performing specialized tasks under one roof. Factory system replaced the putting out system & the proto-industrial factories. Many machines were too large & expensive for home use B/w 1811 & 1816, organized bands of English handicraft workers (Luddites) destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages & unemployment. Bc they avoided violence against ppl enjoyed considerable support. Marx felt they would be the eventual victors in the rev. Q: What was the gov’ts response to the Luddites in 1813? LUDDITES use a sledgehammer and a crowbar to smash power looms in a weaving shed
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Effects - Factory System
Long Hours: Labored six days a week for hours daily. Strict & immediate supervision Dangerous conditions (operating machines). Repetitious & boring nature of many industrial jobs left many workers alienated or estranged from their work. Child Labor The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location & led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor. Textile Factory Workers in England
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Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
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Effects of the IR 6. Changing social roles:
Workplace became separated from the home. Roles were redefined. Men worked in the public world of business & gov’t. Women worked at home, where they were responsible for maintaining the dwelling & raising the children. Rural women maintained their same roles while urban women continued with a diversity of roles, but there was less opportunity for indep.initiative. Both men & women found valuable societal roles in separate spheres. Middle-class children had a high standard of living & a better chance at education, unlike working class children. Q: What effect did industrialization have on gender roles? Q: Difference b/w urban & rural women? Q: What are the social roles like today?
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Effects of the IR – Transportation & Communication
7. Improved Transportation: Growth of industry led to improvements in transportation. Railroads. Tracks could go places that rivers did not. As demand for coal inc, mines moved to more remote regions. Distance made it more expensive to move coal to England. Land: turnpikes - privately built roads that charged a fee. Stronger bridges were built. Sea: canals dug to link rivers or connect inland towns with coastal ports. -In 1807, Robert Fulton used watt’s steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson River. Steamships Telegraphs Q: Why is a good transportation system so important for a country? Should a country spend a lot of money on this? The first train carried 10 tons of ore, & 70 ppl 5 miles/hr. Early Canals
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Railroads on the Continent
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Effects of the IR 8. Rising Standards of Living: Cures to smallpox
Death rates fell markedly b/c better diets and improved disease control reduced child mortality. Demographic transition – shifting patterns of fertility & mortality. Ex) Infant mortality began a marked decline. Fertility rate refers to the avg #of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. Principal reason for declining birthrates led to birth control. Settlement patterns shifted over time. The rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the edges of the cities. The poor were crowded into slums in city centers, near factories. Over time, conditions in cities improved. Ppl ate more varied diets & were healthier, thanks to advances in medicine. Q: Would you want a factory built in your neighborhood? A diagram of the demographic transition model, including stage 5
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(Social) Improved Standard of Living
Better wages & working conditions: -Labor unions became legal. -Sadler Commission evaluated working conditions *Factory Act, 1833, regulated child labor *New Poor Law, 1834, regulated poor houses Better Housing: Cities paved streets, architects began to use steel to construct stronger, taller bldgs. Improved sanitation: Cities became healthier. Slavery: In 1832, Slavery abolished in colonies (raise wages) Industrialization changed social structures, encouraged the disappearance of slavery in industrialized lands b/c economics of industrial society did not favored slave labor. Slaves were poor and did to consume products of industrial manufactures in large quantities. At the same time it affected the Atlantic slave trade b/c of the textile trade increased the demand for U.S. cotton and rived slavery for several decades. Slaves grew and harvested cotton. Invention of the Cotton gin made slave-based cotton production very profitable. Q: Do workers today face similar conditions? London, 1850s 37
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Advances in Education By the late 1800s, govt’s began to set up public schools & require basic education for all children. Schools not only taught reading, writing, & math but encouraged obedience to authority & punctuality as well. Q: Should the govt guarantee education for children? The “second industrial rev.” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity & precision machinery during the 2nd half of the 19th c. 38
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(technological) Advances in Medicine
Before the mid-1800s, the cause of disease was unclear. Scientist Anton Van Leeuwenhoek had discovered the existence of microbes, or germs, by using a microscope. In 1870, Louis Pasteur discovered heat killed germs and stops the spread of diseases. In 1880s, Robert Koch discovered bacteria that caused tuberculosis. Upon learning the germ theory, people washed more & made changes to limit disease. Greatly improved health care & life expectancy. Before the mid-1800s, even a very minor surgical operation might be followed by infection and even death. Josep Lister was convinced that germs caused these infections. He insisted that doctors use antiseptics – substances that destroy germs – on their hands, instruments, & wounds. Robert Koch ( ) 39
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New Inventions The telephone – in 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone. Use of Electricity: In 1879, Thomas Edison developed the first light bulb. Eventually powered factories, illuminated city streets. Ppl powered appliances – lives more comfortable. Alexander Graham Bell (1847 – 1922 ) Radio: Guglielmo Marconi, in 1895 sent radio signals directly through the air. The first radios transmitted Morse code signals in 1906. 40
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Q: Why are these inventions occurring over a short period of time?
New Inventions The automobile. In the 1870s, Nikolaus Otto developed a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. In the 1880s, Gottlieb Daimler used Otto’s engine to power the first automobile. The Airplane: In 1903, Wright brothers made the first powered flight. Q: Why are these inventions occurring over a short period of time? 41
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Han’s Roslin’s 200 years Video
Video Details: link: Europe – Brown Asia – Red Africa – Blue Americas – Yellow Middle East - Green Size of the bubble shows the population Q: Why does Han start at 1810? Q: Why does the Industrial Revolution positively impact some countries/regions and not the rest? Q: How come people progressed despite living through the terrible 30s? Q: In 1948, why was the disparity so great b/w the leaders & the followers? Q: Do you agree with Hans that the historical gap bw the rest and the rest is closing? Q: Can everybody make it to the healthy, wealthy corner?
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Global History Ms. Zafonte “Industrial Revolution 3”
Aim: What were the political, social, technological & artistic responses to the Industrial Revolution? Do Now: How does change occur in a society? Does it come from the top down or the bottom up? Why? Give examples. HW: See Engrade SWBAT: -Compare the different political philosophies of the Industrial Revolution. -Examine the origin of various political responses to the Industrial Revolution. -Assess these 19th century ideas in terms of 21st century conditions. -Discuss important characteristics of each of various artistic movements. -Explain how scientific and technological achievements led to a better standard of living. -Evaluate whether or not technology brings more problems or benefits into people’s lives. 43
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Political IR– Competing Philosophies
Conservatism Social Darwinism Marxist Socialism (Communism) The dev. & spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses: In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, & gain higher wages, while others opposed exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions of society. Ex) utopian socialism, Marxism, Anarchism. 44
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Conservatism Set of beliefs held mainly by classes previously in power – monarchs, nobles, & church leaders. Wanted return of old ways, pre-revolutionary ideas. Thomas Malthus published “Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798). Concluded poor would continue to suffer if population kept increasing. Urged the poor to have fewer children. War, disease, or famine could control population David Ricardo wrote the Iron law of wages – said that employers, if they are rational & want to make profits, will not pay their workers any more than subsistence-level wages. He warned that interfering with the iron law would lead to economic run. Q: Should the gov’t restrict how many children people should have? Q: What did your reading say about this topic? 45
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Social Darwinism Charles Darwin published “On the Origins of Species” (1859), which proposed the theory of evolution Evolution also involved the idea of natural selection. A competition within nature to survive selects the most able members, producing a stronger species. Many experts at the time, not Darwin, applied theory to humans, known as Social Darwinism, which coined the term “survival of the fittest.” According to Social Darwinism, successful business ppl were successful bc they were naturally more “fit.” Q: How could this theory be problematic? (aged 73) 46
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Socialists Socialists – worked to alleviate the social & economic problems. Deplored economic inequalities, vast differences b/w boss & worker. Socialism first appeared around Would point to ideal communities as a way for equitable society. Communities held together by love rather than coercion, ever one performed in accordance with their inclination. Utopian Socialists Robert Owen, a successful businessman transformed New Lanark into a model industrial community. He raised wages, reduced workday from 17 to 10 hours, build spacious housing. He kept young children out of factories and sent them to a school that he opened in 1816. Robert Owen This John Winning watercolour of the mills and village of New Lanark, c.1818, was but one of a series commissioned by Robert Owen.
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Communists Marx (1818-1883) & Engels (1820 – 1895) scorned the utopian
socialists whose ideal communities had no hope of resolving the problems of the industrial era. Thought that problems were the results of a capitalist economy. Held that capitalism divided ppl into two main classes, each with its own economic interests & social status: capitalists who owned the machinery & factories (means of production) & the proletariat, consisting of wageworkers who had only their labor to sell. Competition led to exploitation of the working class. Wrote the Communist Manifesto – asserted all human history has been the history of struggle bw social classes. Believed that a socialist revolution would lead to a “dictatorship of the proletariat” which would abolish private property & destroy the capitalist order. Classless society where wealth is equally shared. State would wither away. Called for the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of a more just and equitable social society Socialism would lead to a more humane society than Capitalism. Q: Does Marx’s prediction come true? Q: How did the state & music enable the capitalists? Q: Why did Marx refer to religion as “the opiate of the masses?”
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Socialists disagreed with the best means of reform
Socialists disagreed with the best means of reform. Revolutionary socialists such as Marx & Engels urged workers to seize control of the state, confiscate the means of production & distribute wealth evenly. Evolutionary socialists placed their hopes in representative gov’ts & called for the election of legislators that supported socialists reforms. Socialist do not win control of any govt until the Russian revolution of 1917. In the 1880s, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, Germany introduced medial insurance, unemployment compensation, and retirement pensions to provide social security for working people in industrial society. Trade unions sprang up to protect workers rights. Ultimately reduced the likelihood of a rev. by improving the lives of working ppl. Q: How would a school function with no grades? Q: Should the interests of society trump the interests of indiv.? Q: How did other countries react, such as Qing & Ottoman? Socialists Otto Von Bismarck
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In Qing China & Ottoman Empire, some members of the gov’t resisted economic change & attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production. In a small number of states, gov’ts promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. The Economic reforms of Meiji Japan The development of factories & railroads in Tsarist Russia China’s Self Strengthening Mvmt ( , period of Industrial reforms during the late Qing dynasty). Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt. In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some gov’ts mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reforms State pensions & public health in Germany Expansion of suffrage in Britain Public education in many states. Meiji Restoration Self Strengthening Mvmt.
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