APUSH: A House Divided Weber 217.

APUSH: A House Divided Weber 217

Activator Chapter 13 describes the events leading up to the Civil War, Copy down the key terms below and see which ones you know something about and/or can define. Manifest Destiny Slavery Politics - The Alamo 1836 Texan Independence Wilmot Proviso Mexican/American War 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo CA Gold Rush Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Kansas-Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott decision John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry South Carolina secedes - Election of 1844 Free Soil Party Know-Nothing Party Lincoln-Douglass Debate Democratic split Election of 1860 Lincoln’s inauguration Secession movement

Agenda Activator, agenda, and objective (10 minutes)
Mexican-American War class argument (20 minutes) A House Divided Lecture (45 minutes) Sectionalism FRQ (30 minutes) Reading and Research (30 minutes) Exit ticket and homework (5 minutes)

Objective AP Topic # 10: The Crisis of the Union
Pro- and antislavery arguments and conflicts Compromise of 1850 and popular sovereignty The Kansas–Nebraska Act and the emergence of the Republican Party Abraham Lincoln, the election of 1860, and secession

Mexican American War Friday we will debate whether the Mexican/American War was an act of US Imperialism. To prepare, please stand and divide into two opposing lines facing each other. Reading from the handout, shout your bullet point at the opposing side. Opposing side, replies “OH Yeah?!” and then replies with their bullet point.

Review Questions How were the values and platform of the Free Soil Party different from that of the abolitionists? What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision in the developing sectional split? What were the main factors driving continental expansion in the antebellum era? How did the spirit of “manifest destiny” give new stridency to the ideas of racial superiority? How did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas convey their ideas of freedom during their famous debates?

What were the major thrusts of territorial expansion west in the 1840s?
Manifest destiny was the ideology behind expansion which said that God had granted the land to the Europeans and that it should stretch from Atlantic to Pacific ocean. Slavery was a central issue as the US pushed westward and acquired new land (would the new states be slave or free states?) Mormon and other religious movements west. Organ Trail and other explorations of the frontier

Ch. 13, Image 1 John Gast’s 1872 painting American Progress, commissioned by the author of a travel guide to the Pacific coast, reflects the ebullient spirit of manifest destiny. A female figure descended from earlier representations of Liberty wears the Star of Empire and leads the march of pioneers, enlightenment, and technological progress westward, while Indians retreat before her. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

What were the thrusts of westward expansion?
The Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and California Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. Northern frontier of Mexico was California, New Mexico and Texas. California’s non-Indian population by 1821 were vastly outnumbered by Indians. Califonrios vs. Indios.

The Texas Revolt The first part of Mexico to be settled by significant numbers of Americans was Texas. Ex: Moses Austin. Mexican government annulled existing land contracts and barred emigration from US. Stephen Austin led call from American settlers demanding greater autonomy from Mexico. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna sent troops into Texas in 1835 to impose authoirty Rebels formed a provisional gov. which then called for Texan independence The Alamo Sam Houston

Ch. 13, Image 7 A map of the United States from 1848 reveals how the size of the country had grown during the past four years: Texas (its western boundary still unfixed) had been annexed in 1844; the dispute with Great Britain over Oregon was settled in 1846; and the Mexican Cession—the area of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and California— was added in 1848 at the end of the Mexican War. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

Road to Mexican War Texas asked US to annex and make it part of US but Jackson and Van Buren did not act. Texas annexation was linked to slavery and became an issue in the 1844 election. Clay and Van Buren James Polk, a slaveholder from Tenn. and friend of Jackson gets Democratic nomination Polk supported Texas annexation He also supported “reoccupation” of Oregon Polk’s 4 goals: reduce the tarriff; reestablish independent treasury system; settle Oregon dispute; and bring California into the Union

Mexican War and Its Critics
Majority of Americans supported the war. There was a vocal minority who feared the only reason for war was to get land and expand slavery. Henry David Thoreau wrote On Civil Disobedience Abraham Lincoln questioned Polk’s right to declare war (over where blood had been shed)

Combat in Mexico Combat took place on three fronts
California and the “bear flag republic” General Stephen Kearney and Santa Fe Winifred Scott and Central Mexico Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Grants land to U.S. for 20 million. Mexico looses half her territory.

Ch. 13, Image 6 A lithograph depicting Los Angeles in 1857, nine years after the city, then quite small, became part of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

Race and Manifest Destiny
Spirit of manifest destiny gave new spark to racist notions of supremecy. Race in the 19th century was a shifting combination of skin color, national origin, culture, class, and religion. Mexico had abolished slavery and declared persons of Spanish, Indian, and African origin equal before the law. Texas constitution adopted after 1836 included protections for slavery and specifically denied civil rights to Indians and folks of African origin.

Ch. 13, Image 15 Political Chart of the United States, an 1856 chart graphically illustrating the division between slave and free states and providing statistics to demonstrate the superiority of free to slave society. The image underscores the Republican contention that it is essential to prevent slavery from spreading into the western territories. John C. Frémont, Republican presidential candidate, is pictured at the top. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

Crisis of Union The Wilmot Proviso: Congressman David Wilmot of Penn. Proposed a resolution prohibiting slavery in territory acquired from Mexico. Free Soil Party formed by those opposed to slavery’s expansion (and championed the system of free labor) Admitting new free states to the union would upset the balance between sections and make the South a permanent minority.

Ch. 13, Image 10 The Hurly-Burly Pot, an 1850 cartoon based loosely on the witches’ scenes from Shakespeare’s Macbeth, criticizing northern and southern sectionalists said to be endangering the Union. From left to right, the figures are David Wilmot, who proposed the Proviso banning slavery from territory acquired from Mexico, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, and New York antislavery newspaper editor Horace Greeley. The traitor Benedict Arnold is visible in the flames. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

Crisis and Compromise 1848 was a year of revolution in Europe followed by counterrevolution. The Compromise of 1850 was five bills which avoided conflict and civil war for 4 years until the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Powerful leaders spoke for and against compromise: Daniel Webster, John Calhoun, William Seward. President Taylor died in office and Millard Fillmore secured the adoption of the compromise.

Ch. 13, Image 17 Dred and Harriet Scott, as pictured in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 27, 1857, three months after the Supreme Court ruled that they must remain in slavery. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

Fugitive Slave Issue Fugitive slave act allowed feds to determine fate of fugitives without jury trial or testimony of the accused. In a series of dramatic confrontations, fugitives, aided by abolitionists violently resisted capture. Law led thousands of free Black people in the North to flee to Canada

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Law repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and brought slavery back as main issue. Popular Sovereignty was the idea that it should be left up to the states to decide. Stephen Douglass got pop. Sovereignty into the bill. When it became law it shattered the Democratic Party’s Unity. Whigs collapse. South becomes solidly Democratic Republican Party emerges to prevent expansion of slavery.

Free Labor Ideology Republicans convinced northerners that the slave power posed threat to their liberty. Republicans were not abolitionists, however, and their commitment was to “national freedom” meaning not abolition but ending the federal government’s support of slavery.

Bleeding Kansas and Election of 1856
Bleeding Kansas seemed to discredit Douglas’ policy of popular soveregnity. Civil war within Kansas Charles Sumner Election of 1856 demonstrated that the parties had reoriented along sectional lines.

Dred Scott and Lincoln Dred Scott sued for his freedom making supreme court address three issues: Could a Black person be a citizen and therefore sue in court? Did residence in a free state make Scott free? Did Congress possess the power to prohibit slavery in a territory? Decision was all bad: 1) Slaves are property 2) Blacks/ Freed Slaves cannot be citizens = no protection by the Constitution 3)Runaway slaves must be returned to their masters 4) Federal Government cannot restrict slavery. Chief Justice Roger B Taney wanted to settle the issue of slavery once and for all.

Lincoln and Slavery Republicans did not abandon their platform, rather they claimed that the courts were controlled by the slave power. Douglas faced unexpectedly strong challenge from the Candidate from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln. Although Lincoln was against slavery he was willing to compromise with the South to preserve the Union. Lincoln's speeches combined moral fervor with respect for order and the Constitution typical of more conservative northerners. Lincoln and Douglas engaged in a serious of famous debates.

John Brown and Harpers Ferry
An armed assault by the abolitionist John Brown on the federal aresenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further heightened sectional tensions. Placed on trial for treason to the state of Virginia and got executed. His execution made him into a martyr in the North, especially to abolitionists .

Rise of Southern Sectionalism
More and more southerners were speaking openly of southward expansion. Ostend Manifesto (1854) Southern Slave owners wanted to annex Cuba from the Spanish and make it a slave state. By 1850s southern leaders were bending every effort to strengthen the bonds of slavery.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Anti-Slavery novel Exposed Northerners to the horrors and cruelty of slavery in the South. Increased support of the Abolitionist cause /Upset Southerners 2nd Best selling book of 1852 and 1853

Democratic Split and Republican nomination
The Democratic was split with its nomination of Douglas in 1860 and the southern democrats nomination of John Breckinridge. Republican Party nominated Lincoln over William Seward. Lincoln’s Party platform: Denied the validity of Dred Scott decision. Opposition to slavery’s expansion Added economic initiatives

The Election of 1860 Most important thing was the breakdown of election returns in sections of the country. Lincoln was elected as 16th president without a single vote from the ten southern states!

Impending Crisis The Secession Movement
Rather than accept permanent minority status in a nation governed by their opponents, Deep South political leaders boldly struck for their region’s independence. In the months that followed Lincoln’s election, seven states, stretching from South Carolina to Texas, seceded from the Union.

The Secession Crisis President Buchanan denied that a state could secede, but also insisted that the federal government had no right to use force against it. The Crittenden plan was rejected by Lincoln. Reaffirmed slavery in the South and Prohibited Slavery Above 36’30 The Confederate States of America was formed on March 4, 1861. Jefferson Davis was president.

And the war came… In time, Lincoln believed, secession might collapse from within. Lincoln also issues a veiled warning: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war.” After the South’s firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to suppress the insurrection.

Sectionalism DBQ To what extent and in what ways were the actions of the federal government responsible for the increasing of social and political tensions between North and South prior to the Civil War? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period in constructing your response.

Doc’s Doc. A: Diary of John Quincy Adams
Doc. B: South Carlolina Nullification Doc. C: John C. Calhoun’s Speech to Congress Doc. D: William Seward’s Speech Doc. E: Fugitive Slave Law Doc. F: Letter to Reps Doc. G: Lincoln-Davis Doc. H: Railroad Growth Doc. I: Crittenden Compromise Doc. J: Secession Exploded

Mexican American War DBQ
How the mexican american war shoed the americans wanted to expand westward.

Give Me Liberty! Norton Media Library An American History
Chapter 13 Give Me Liberty! An American History Second Edition Volume 1 by Eric Foner

I. Westward migration A. Oregon B. Utah (Mormons) C. Mexican frontier

II. Roots of Mexican War A. Pre-American settlers
1. Mexican independence from Spain 2. Mexicans and Indians 3. California’s commercial links to the United States

II. Roots of Mexican War (cont’d)
B. From arrival of U.S. settlers to Texas revolt 1. Initial emigration to Texas 2. Mexican efforts to check American presence 3. Texas revolt a. Demand by U.S. settlers and “Tejano” allies for greater autonomy b. Clamp-down by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna c. Declaration of Independence d. Battle of the Alamo; “Remember the Alamo” e. Defeat of Santa Anna by Sam Houston at San Jacinto

B. From arrival of U.S. settlers to Texas revolt 4. Republic of Texas a. Establishment b. Election of Houston as first president c. Early quest for U.S. annexation; opposition by President Jackson d. Swelling of American emigration

C election 1. Revival of annexation issue a. Texas i. Relation to slavery question ii. Support from John Tyler, James K. Polk iii. Opposition from Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren b. Oregon; “Fifty-four forty or fight” 2. Democrat Polk vs. Whig Clay 3. Election of Polk D. Annexations under Polk 1. Texas 2. Oregon up to forty-ninth parallel 3. Pursuit of California

III. Mexican War A. Immediate causes 1. Impasse over California
2. Texas-Mexico border dispute 3. Polk declaration of war on Mexico B. Response among Americans 1. Broad support a. Spirit of Manifest Destiny b. America as bearer of liberty 2. Themes of dissent a. War will promote expansion of slavery b. War undermines democratic values c. Thoreau and principle of civil disobedience d. Lincoln’s opposition to president’s war-making power

III. Mexican War (cont’d)
C. Course of war 1. California a. American rebels’ declaration of independence from Mexico b. Announcement of Bear Flag Republic under John C Frémont c. Arrival of U.S. Navy, superseding Bear Flag Republic 2. Santa Fe a. Occupation by U.S. troops under Stephen W. Kearney b. Subsequent suppression by Kearney of Mexican resistance in southern California 3. Mexico a. Defeat of Santa Anna by Zachary Taylor at Battle of Buena Vista b. Occupation of Mexico City by Winfield Scott

D. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1. Confirmation of U.S. annexation of Texas 2. Ceding to the United States of California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah 3. Payment by the United States to Mexico of $15 million Mexico’s lasting resentment over war

F. “Race” and legacy of U.S. victory 1. Affirmation of Manifest Destiny assumptions a. “Anglo-Saxon race” as innately superior b. Association of Anglo-Saxon Protestants with civilization, progress, liberty 2. Social inequalities of newly acquired territories a. Introduction of slavery b. Ethnic discrimination

IV. Gold Rush California
A. Rise of mining frontier 1. Discovery of gold 2. Influx of migrants from around nation and world 3. Growth of San Francisco 4. Spread of mining communities B. Character of mining frontier 1. Social diversity 2. Shift from surface to underground mining 3. Vigilantism 4. Marginalization of non-whites 5. Destruction of Indian communities

V. Revival of slavery question
A. Wilmot Proviso 1. Provisions and outcome 2. Impact a. Reawakening of slavery controversy b. Sectional fragmentation of Democratic and Whig parties B election 1. Whig Taylor vs. Democrat Lewis Cass 2. Election of Taylor 3. Significance of Free Soil party’s showing

V. Revival of slavery question (cont’d)
C. Appeal of Free Soil program to northerners 1. Resentment of southern domination of federal government 2. Vision of West as haven for economic independence 3. White aversion to contact and competition with blacks D. White South’s case for westward expansion of slavery 1. Regional pride 2. Need for fresh soil 3. Economic imperative 4. Preservation of political balance between North and South

VI. Compromises and discord
A. Compromise of 1850 1. Backdrop a. Sectional clash over slavery question b : revolution and reaction across Europe 2. Proposals and debates a. Clay plan b. Senate debate i. Daniel Webster; pro-compromise ii. John C. Calhoun; uncompromising defense of slavery iii. William Seward; uncompromising assault on slavery

VI. Compromises and discord (cont’d)
A. Compromise of 1850 3. Outcome a. Death of President Taylor b. President Millard Fillmore’s support for Clay plan c. Adoption of Compromise of 1850 B. Fugitive slave controversy 1. Terms of Fugitive Slave Act 2. Outrage over Fugitive Slave Act in North 3. Federal tribunals and return of fugitives to South 4. Resistance to recapture 5. Black flight to Canada

VI. Compromises and discord (cont’d)
C. Kansas-Nebraska controversy 1. Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska bill a. Nullification of Missouri Compromise b. Principle of “popular sovereignty” 2. Broad antislavery reaction in North 3. Outcome a. Passage of bill b. Collapse of Whigs c. Fracturing of northern Democrats d. Birth of Republican party

VII. Rise of Republican party
A. Underlying economic and political trends 1. Maturation of market revolution across North a. Economic growth of 1840s and 1850s b. Integration of Northwest and Northeast within a dynamic economy i. Expanded railroad network ii. Western agriculture iii. Industrial production iv. Spread and growth of cities 2. Rise and fall of Know-Nothing Party a. Nativist hostility to immigrants, Catholics b. Links between anti-Catholic and antislavery sentiment c. Limits of nativist crusade

VII. Rise of Republican party (cont’d)
B. Republican party appeal 1. Free labor ideal a. Opposition to expansion of slavery; “Freedom national” b. Juxtaposition of “free labor North” and “slave South” c. Depiction of free labor and slavery as incompatible d. Broad appeal in North 2. Further factors behind rise of Republican party a. “Bleeding Kansas” b. Preston Brooks’s assault on Charles Sumner

VII. Rise of Republican party (cont’d)
C. Election of 1856 1. Victory of Democrat James Buchanan 2. Emergence of Republicans as dominant in North, Democrats as dominant in South

VIII. Toward disunion A. Dred Scott decision
1. Key elements (Taney opinion) a. African-Americans devoid of citizenship rights b. Congress powerless to restrict slavery in territories 2. Aftermath a. Indignation in North b. Lecompton Constitution controversy

VIII. Toward disunion (cont’d)
B. Lincoln-Douglas senate campaign of 1858 1. Abraham Lincoln a. Personal background b. Political outlook i. Moral denunciation of slavery ii. Call for containment, but not abolition, of slavery iii. Personification of Republican free labor ideology iv. Racial perspective 2. Lincoln-Douglas debates 3. Outcome

C. John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry 1. Background on Brown 2. The raid 3. Trial and execution 4. Vilification and martyrization 5. Continuing inspiration for activists D. Rise of southern nationalism 1. Secessionist impulse 2. Imperial impulse a. Ostend Manifesto b. William Walker expeditions i. Baja California ii. Nicaragua 3. Measures to fortify slavery

E. Election of 1860 1. Democratic party split a. Stephen A. Douglas as nominee for northern wing b. John C. Breckinridge as nominee for southern wing 2. Republican nomination of Lincoln 3. Newly formed Constitutional Union party nomination of John Bell 4. Lincoln victory, based on sweep of northern states

IX. From secession to war
A. Secession of seven Deep South states B. Crittenden compromise effort C. Formation of Confederate States of America 1. Seven Deep South states 2. President Jefferson Davis 3. Centrality of slavery and white supremacy to Confederate pronouncements D. Inauguration of Lincoln E. Lincoln’s balancing act F. Confederate attack on Fort Sumter G. Lincoln’s call for troops to suppress insurrection H. Secession of four more southern states

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Give Me Liberty! An American History
End slide This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set for Chapter 13 Give Me Liberty! An American History 2nd Edition, Volume 1 by Eric Foner W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned

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