1. Mrs Manisha Sane PGT Chemistry KV VSN NAGPUR
THE NUCLEIC ACIDS
Mrs Manisha Sane
PGT Chemistry
KV VSN NAGPUR

2. Two types of nucleic acid are found
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

3. The distribution of nucleic acids in the eukaryotic cell
DNA is found in the nucleus
with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts
RNA is found throughout the cell

4. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides
Their building blocks are nucleotides

5. NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE NUCLEOTIDE BASE PHOSPHATE SUGAR
PURINES
PYRIMIDINES
Adenine (A)
Guanine(G)
Cytocine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
PHOSPHATE
SUGAR
Ribose or Deoxyribose
NUCLEOTIDE

6. Ribose is a pentose sugarC1 C5 C4 C3 C2 O

7. Spot the difference
RIBOSE
DEOXYRIBOSE
CH2OH H OH C O

8. Nitrogenous Bases Pyrimidines Purines Adenine Thymine Cytosine Uracil
Guanine
In DNA
In RNA

9. Purines & Pyrimidines in DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

10. Purines & Pyrimidines in RNA
Cytosine
Adenine
Guanine
Uracil

11. Watson & Crick Base pairing

12. Nucleosides & Nucleotides

13. THE SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
The nucleotides are all orientated in the same direction
The phosphate group joins the 3rd Carbon of one sugar to the 5th Carbon of the next in line.

14. ADDING IN THE BASES The bases are attached to the 1st CarbonP G C A T
ADDING IN THE BASES
The bases are attached to the 1st Carbon
Their order is important It determines the genetic information of the molecule

15. DNA IS MADE OF TWO STRANDS OF POLYNUCLEOTIDEG T A
Hydrogen bonds
DNA IS MADE OF TWO STRANDS OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE

16. DNA IS MADE OF TWO STRANDS OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE
The sister strands of the DNA molecule run in opposite directions (antiparallel)
They are joined by the bases
Each base is paired with a specific partner:
A is always paired with T
G is always paired with C
Purine with Pyrimidine
Thus the sister strands are complementary but not identical
The bases are joined by hydrogen bonds, individually weak but collectively strong.

17. The Double Helix (1953)

18. FORMATION OF NUCLEOTIDES

19. Functions Of DNA Replication Transcription Translation
Protein Synthesis

20. Functions of RNA It controls protein synthesis
Functions of various types of RNA
m-RNA Transcription
t-RNA Decoding of messages/codons
r-RNA helps in protein synthesis at Ribosomes with the help of t-RNA

21. Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids:-
DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information.
A DNA molecule is capable of self duplication during cell division and identical DNA strands are transferred to daughter cells.
Another important function of nucleic acids is the protein synthesis in the cell.
Actually, the proteins are synthesised by various RNA molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA.

22. Replication Of DNA

23. SEMI CONSERVATIVE DNA REPLICATION

24. Protein Synthesis

25. Translation
Translation is the second process of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression).Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located. Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit which surrounds the mRNA. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the genetic code. This is the process that converts an mRNA sequence into a chain of amino acids that form a protein

26. IMPORTANT TERMS
Codon---The Triplet of nucleotide coding a particular amino acid. Total 64,61 for inner amino acids and 3 for terminal amino acids.
Gene— Sequence of the nucleotides in DNA coding a particular protein.
Genetic code-- the relation between the nucleotide triplet and the amino acid.
Genetic code is Degenerate and more then one codons may code for same amino acids.

27. The Genetic Code Triplet code AUG start codon Encodes methionine UAA,
UAG,
UGA stop codons
The language of RNA to the language of protein: The genetic code is a triplet code in which three nucleotides in RNA specify one amino acid in protein.
RNA consists of four "letters": A, U, G, and C. Protein consists of 20 "letters": the amino acids.

30. DNA FINGERPRINTING

31. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA & RNA

32. THANK YOU