1. The Cell

2. Movement through the cell
Passive transport – no energy required
Diffusion – region of high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis and dialysis – water through a selectively permeable membrane
Filtration – water and small particles through system due to hydrostatic pressure
Kidneys and urine formation

3. Active transport Requires energy (ATP) Ion Pumps Phagocytosis
low to high concentration
Ion Pumps
Sodium potassium pumps
Phagocytosis
Larger molecules, foreign material
Pinocytosis
Fluids and dissolved material

4. Tonicity
Isotonic
Salt solution .9% is isotonic = to red blood cell
Hypertonic – solution contains higher salt content than cell
Water moves out of cell, cell shrinks = crenation
Hypotonic - solution contains lower salt content than cell
Water moves into cell, cell swells and lysis could occur

5. Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA
Double stranded
Helix
ATCG
Deoxyribose
Can not leave nucleus
Dictates directions for protein synthesis
RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)
Single stranded
Linear
AUCG
Ribose sugar
Can leave nucleus
Carries out protein synthesis

6. Protein synthesis, Fig 3.8 Transcription Translation
DNA to mRNA – out of nucleus
Translation
mRNA to ribosome to make protein

7. Cell division Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
G1 – growth
S – synthesis, DNA copies itself
G2 – preparation for cell division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokensis

8. Changes in cell growth and reproduction
Hypertrophy – increase in size of cell
Atrophy – decrease in size of cell
Hyperplasia – increase in cell reproduction
Increase of number of cell
Anaplasia – production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells
Can result in a tumor or neoplasm