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Food & Nutrition Security
M.H. Suryanarayana Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai INDIA
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Food & Nutrition Security:Importance (contd.)
Human Development Efficiency & productivity of labor, the only asset of the poor; Wages & incomes Undernourished population - poor 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food & Nutrition Security:Importance
Different World Food Summits avowed to reduce hunger One of the Millennium Development GoalsMDGs Incidence of hunger to be reduced by half during 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Nutrition Security: Nutrition: Essentially an investment: To realize MDGs: Poverty alleviation, education, health, gender equality: (cont.) Malnutrition is a poverty outcome; good nutrition is a solution to poverty Nutrition facilitates learning & hence, achieve universal primary education Girl’s nutrition promotes gender status & incentives for small family size: Gender equality and empowerment 60% U5 mortality is due to malnutrition: hence, nutrition would reduce child mortality 20% of maternal deaths – iron deficiency anemia: Hence, important to improve maternal health 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Nutrition Security: Nutrition: Essentially an investment: To realize MDGs: Poverty alleviation, education, health, gender equality: Nutrition – improves immunity, HIV related infection, decelerates progression from HIV to AIDS: To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases Facilitates environmental sustainability because its conservation is low priority for the under-nourished 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Policy Relevance: Micro Perspective: Health and nutritional outcomes Labor productivity Wages and earnings; hence, incomes Deprivation and human development 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Policy Relevance: Macro: Human capital of the society & implications for productivity, incomes and deprivation Million Development Goals 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Definition
World Food Summit, November 1996, Rome Italy: World Food Summit Plan of Action: Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Dimensions: Availability Access Stability of food supply and access (weather, prices, conflicts, political manipulation, etc. can affect them adversely) Safe and Health food use 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Food Insecurity: Occurs when: Food is available but is not nutritionally adequate When not everyone get enough to eat Food is available but households cannot buy because of high prices or high costs of transportation, do not meet local preferences Food is inedible 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Policy Imperatives Capacity of families, households, communities: To be improved Education, Health care and AIDS-prevention Targeted social protection programs, cash transfers, school-based food programs etc Sustainable livelihoods in both rural and urban areas Prioritise issues related to food security and fair trade 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Measurement Issues: Developed Countries: Macro Perspective: Little scope for structural change & hence, for misinterpretation of estimates and finings 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Developed Countries: Macro Perspective
Economic access: Per capita income & distribution parameters like poverty estimates Physical access: (i) Per capita food grain availability (Production+ Δ stocks + net trade – seeds – wastage) ; (ii) per capita food consumption (iii)per capita calorie intake etc. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Concepts & Data Sources
Nutrition Security Concepts & Data Sources
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Food Deprivation: Under-nourishment:
Prevalence of undernourishment in total population Proportion of the population in a condition of undernourishment. Undernourishment: Condition of people whose dietary energy consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical activity. 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Depth of Hunger Intensity of food deprivation:
Measures the extent (absolute) shortfall of food from the minimum food needs in terms of dietary energy Given by (minimum dietary energy - the average dietary energy intake of the undernourished population) Intensity: Low < 200 kilocalories per person per day High if > 300 kilocalories per person per day. The greater the deficit, the greater the susceptibility for health risks related to under nutrition. 11/13/2018 Source; FAO
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Food Needs: Minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER):
For a specific age and sex group, the amount of dietary energy per person is that considered adequate to meet the energy needs for minimum acceptable weight for attained-height maintaining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical activity. For the entire population, the minimum energy requirement is the weighted average of the minimum energy requirements of the different age and sex groups in the population. 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Food Consumption Nutrients: Dietary Energy, Protein and Fat
Dietary Energy, Protein, Fat Consumption: Amount of food, in kcal per day, for each individual in the total population. Dietary protein consumption per person: Amount of protein in food, in grams per day, for each individual in the total population. Dietary fat consumption per person: Amount of fat in food, in grams per day, for each individual in the total population. 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Food Consumption Energy:
Kilocalorie is a unit of measurement of dietary energy One kcal equals calories and one kJ equals joules. In the International System of Units (ISU), the universal unit of dietary energy is the joule (J). One kcal = kJ. 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Food Security: Introduction
Food Deprivation Depth of Hunger Food Needs Food Consumption Data source: FAO Statistics Division 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Nutritional Status: Children
Prevalence of underweight in children under five years (U5): Moderate underweight: Proportion of children U5 with weight < that of 2 standard deviations below the median of weight-for-age of the WHO reference population Severe underweight: Proportion of children U5 with weight < that of 3 standard deviations below the same median 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Nutritional Status: Children
Prevalence of stunting in children U5: Moderate: Proportion of children U5 with height or stature less than that of 2 standard deviations below the median height or stature-for-age of the WHO reference population Severe: Proportion of children U5 with height or stature less than that of 3 standard deviations below the same median 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Nutritional Status: Children
Prevalence of wasting in children U5: Moderate: Proportion of children U5 with weight less than that of 2 standard deviations below the median of weight-for-height or stature of the WHO reference population Severe: Proportion of children U5 with weight less than that of 3 standard deviations below the same median 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Nutritional Status: Children
Prevalence of overweight in children U5: Moderate: Proportion of children U5 with weight greater than that of 2 standard deviations above the median weight-for-height or stature of the WHO reference population Severe: Proportion of children U5 with weight greater than that of 3 standard deviations above the same median 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Children - Stunting, Underweight, Wasting, Overweight
Data sources: WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition World Bank World Development Indicators. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Nutritional Status: Adults
Body Mass Index (BMI): An index of weight-for-height Weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m²) Generally used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults Also called Quetelet index after Adolphe Quetelet ( ) 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Nutritional Status: Adults
International Classification BMI(kg/m²) Cut-off points Underweight < 18.50 Normal range 18.50 – 24.99 Overweight >= 25.00 Overweight (pre-Obese) 25.00 – 29.99 Obese > = 30.00 11/13/2018 Source: FAO
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Adults - Underweight, Overweight, Obesity
Data sources: The WHO Global Database on Body Mass Index (BMI) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Health: Life expectancy at birth (years): Child mortality rate:
Number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to stay the same during the lifespan. Child mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly five year of age, expressed per 1000 live births. Infant mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age, expressed per 1000 live births 11/13/2018 SOurce: FAO
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Life expectancy at birth, under five mortality, infant mortality
Data sources: Life expectancy at birth: World Bank World Development Indicators Child mortality rate: UNICEF Child mortality. Infant mortality rate: UNICEF Infant mortality. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Poverty: Poverty rate / Headcount Index: National poverty rate / headcount index: Percentage of the population living below the national official poverty line. Urban poverty rate / headcount index: Percentage of the urban population living below the urban poverty line. Rural poverty rate / headcount index: Percentage of the rural population living below the rural poverty line. Data sources: World Bank World Development Indicators. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Global Hunger Index IFPRI Index
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Food Security: Introduction
Global Hunger Index Objectives: Rank countries Compare international experience for policy guidance. Draw global attention 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Global Hunger Index Sample: Based on 120 developing and transitional countries countries; Compares 88 only Three indicators Un-weighted average as an index 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Indicators: # Indicator Purpose to measure 1 % of calorie deficient / under-nourished population Hunger 2 % children underweight U5 Malnutrition of children, the most vulnerable to hunger 3 U5 mortality rate (%) Child deaths caused by malnutrition & disease 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Hunger Index Scale: Source: IFPRI
Classification Color Code ≥ 30.0 Extremely alarming 20.0 – 29.9 Alarming 10.0 – 19.9 Serious 5.0 – 9.9 Moderate hunger ≤ 4.9 Low hunger 11/13/2018 Source: IFPRI
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Country Classification: n= 120 Source: IFPRI
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Food Security: Introduction
Global Trends: Hunger (Global index): decreased by less than one-fifth 1990: 18.7 2008: 15.2 Performance by indicator: % underweight children: declined by by 5.9 points 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Regional Profile: 2008 Status: Alarming Sub-Saharan Africa: 23.3 South Asia: 23.0 Ten countries (highest levels of hunger); nine are in Sub-Saharan Africa Ten best performers since 1990: None from Sub-Saharan Africa 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Country Profiles Source: IFPRI
Best score Mauritius, followed by Jamaica, Moldova, Cuba, and Peru Worst score Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), followed by Eritrea, Burundi, Niger, and Sierra Leone Most progress Kuwait, Peru, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, and Mexico Regress DRC, North Korea, Swaziland, Guinea-Bissau, and Zimbabwe 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Country Profiles Source; IFPRI
Highest proportion of population with calorie deficiency Eritrea: 75% DRC: 74% Highest prevalence of underweight children (a measure of malnutrition) India, Yemen, and Timor-Leste: more than 40% Highest child mortality (under 5) rate Sierra Leone: 27% Angola: 26% 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Poverty Profile: Source; IFPRI
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Where Do The Poor Live? Source: IFPRI
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Global Index Scale Source; IFPRI
Classification Color Code ≥ 30.0 Extremely alarming 20.0 – 29.9 Alarming 10.0 – 19.9 Serious 5.0 – 9.9 Moderate hunger ≤ 4.9 Low hunger 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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2008 Global Hunger Index Source; IFPRI
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Progress – Regress Source; IFPRI
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GHI-Winners and Losers: 1990 – 2008 Source; IFPRI
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Global Food Price Crisis Source; IFPRIs
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Dietary Energy Consumption
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Child Nutritional Status
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Food Security: Introduction
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Food Price Crisis and Political Stability
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Global Policy Response:
Special Program for Food Security: National Program for Food Security (NPFS): country driven solution to eradicate hunger within local population Regional Programs for Food Security (RPFS)L Involves regional economic organizations to promote regional integration among neighboring countries in order to maximize the impact of national programs Since 1995, US $ 770 million invested in FAO-designed food security programs 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Global Policy Response:
Special Program for Food Security: FAO flagship initiative to halve the number of poor by 2015. Seeks to ensure food security for the poor households It is a multidisciplinary and holistic approach to all aspects of food security It is focused o low income food deficit countries, where majority of chronically undernourished live. At present over 800 million food insecure in the world; 86% live in 106 countries participating in the SPFS Launched in 1994, initially SPFS sought to augment food production to reduce hunger and malnutrition After 2002 World Food Summit, SPFS shifted focus from pilot projects to national programs & regional programs to address food insecurity 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
MDGs Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for developmentFood & Nutrition Security:Importance 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Thank you 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Data source: 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
Food intake indicators Average energy intake ( 2350 kcal/d : Provisional) Average food intake of major food groups Daily per caput protein intake (1 g/kg BW) Percentage of energy from protein ( 12-15% of total dietary energy) Daily per caput carbohydrate intake ( g/d) Percentage of energy from carbohydrates ( % of total dietary energy) Cont. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 62
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Daily per capita fat intake Percentage of energy from fat (25-30% of total dietary energy) Percentage of protein from animal source (at least 25%) Percentage of protein from vegetable source Dietary Energy Supply (DES) * Percentage of undernourished population * 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 63
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Nutritional Norms These norms refer to quantitative threshold or cut-off values to assess the the nutritional status of a population under review. Malnutrition can occur at any stage of one’s life cycle; accordingly there are different indicators to assess nutritional status of population of different age and gender groups. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 64
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1. Intra-uterine Undernutrition: Low Birth Weight (LBW) Malnutrition can begin from intra-uterine life: Thic could be mainly be due to maternal malnutrition. Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy retards the growth and development of the foetus. The foetus therefore is born with birth weight lower than normal. When the birth weight of a full-term foetus is below a cut-off level, the newborn is termed as a LBW baby. According to WHO, the cut-off value for birth weight is 2.5 kg. (India 21.5 % babies are LBW (NFHS III; p. 226). Therefore, babies born with birth weight <2.5 kg are LBW babies. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 65
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LBW babies – a bad start in life. Poor chances of survival; less resistance to diseases, hence, frequent infection, and severe malnourishment High infant mortality rate 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 66
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2. Childhood Malnutrition The consequences of malnutrition are most severe if it happens very early in life. Malnutrition from this time in life onward has long lasting effects on subsequent growth, morbidity, cognitive development, educational attainment and productivity in adulthood. For these reasons, nutrition status of young children, particularly those aged below 5 years, has been shown to be one of the most sensitive indicators of food security, vulnerability and overall socio-economic development of a country. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 67
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Several anthropometric indicators have been identified for assessment of nutrition status of U-5 children. These are Stunting, Wasting and Underweight. The Z-score classification of these indicators is most widely used. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 68
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A. Stunting (low height-for-age) Undernutrition for a long time retards the growth of a child by height. The child is shorter than for its age. This is called “Stunting”. For this, both height and age are to be known. The child is said to be of normal height, if its height-for-age is within 2 standard deviations (-2SD) of the median height-for-age of a reference population. In India % children (0-59 months) Below 3SD is 23.7 and Below 2SD is 48 (p. 271) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 69
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If the height falls below 2SD (<-2SD) but within 3 SD below the reference median (-3SD), then the child is classified to moderately stunted. If the height falls below 3 SD of the reference median (<-3SD), then the child is classified as severely stunted. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 70
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The classification can be summarized as follows: Stunting: Height-for-age up to –2SD = Normal Height-for-age <-2SD to –3SD = Moderate Height-for-age <-3SD = Severe 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 71
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B. Wasting (low weight–for-height) Acute, short-term malnutrition does not affect the height, but the body weight. This is seen as “Wasting” of the body, i.e. loss of body mass compared to the body size. Weight-for-height is therefore a useful indicator for assessing body wasting. For this, age does not need to be known. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 72
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The child is said to be of normal weight-for-height, if its weight-for-height is within 2 standard deviations (-2SD) of the median weight-for-height of a reference population. If the weight-for-height falls below 2SD (<-2SD) but within 3 SD below the reference median (-3SD), then the child is classified as moderately wasted. If the weight-for-height falls below 3SD of the reference median (<-3SD), then the child is classified as severely wasted. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 73
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The classification can be summarized as follows: Wasting: Weight-for-height up to –2SD = Normal Weight-for-height <-2SD to –3SD = Moderate Weight-for-height <-3SD = Severe In India % of children below 3SD w/h is 6.4 % and below 2SD is 20 %. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 74
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C. Underweight (low weight-for-age) This is a composite indicator of long-term and acute short-term malnutrition. The body weight may be lost from malnutrition for a long time. The child is then low weight-for-age. Weight may also be lost from acute, short-term malnutrition. In this case also, the child is low weight-for-age. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 75
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The child is said to be of normal weight-for-age, if its weight-for-age is within 2 standard deviations (-2SD) of the median weight-for-age of a reference population. If the weight-for-age falls below 2SD (<-2SD) but within 3 SD below the reference median (-3SD), then the child is classified as moderately underweight. If the weight-for-age falls below 3SD of the reference median (<-3SD), then the child is classified as severely underweight. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 76
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The classification can be summarized as follows: Underweight : Weight-for-age up to –2SD = Normal Weight-for-age <-2SD to –3SD = Moderate Weight-for-age <-3SD = Severe In India % below, 3 SD is 16 and below 2 SD is 42.5 (p. 271) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 77
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D. Mid-upper-arm Circumference (MUAC) Between the ages of 1 and 5 years, there is very little change in a normal child’s arm circumference. Thus, this measurement gives a simple anthropometric measure of wasting which is almost age-independent. The degree of severity of malnutrition in children on the basis of MUAC is given below. MUAC >14 cm = Normal 12.5 – cm = Mild/moderate wasting <12.5 cm = Severe wasting 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 78
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3. Maternal malnutrition The most common nutritional problem in women, especially the poor, is chronic energy deficiency (CED). CED is measured by height as well as by Body Mass Index (BMI). 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 79
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A. Height <145cm is indicative of chronic CED. India, such women (15-49 years) are 11.4 percent (p.304) BMI is derived by dividing weight (in kg) by height squared (in meters). Weight (kg) BMI = (kg/m2) Height2 (meter) Women (15-49) with BMI <18.5 are 36 % (p. 304) Men (15-54) with BMI <18.5 are 34% (p. 306) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 80
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B. BMI is widely used to assess nutritional status of children above 10 years of age and the adults as follows: BMI > = Obese 25.1 – = Overweight = Normal < = Malnourished < = Severely malnourished 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 81
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C. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) As with children, MUAC can be used to grade the degree of body wasting in adults. Appropriate cut-off points of MUAC for adults are given below. Male ≥23 cm <23 cm Normal Malnourished Female ≥22 cm <22 cm 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 82
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4. Micronutrient malnutrition The most widely prevalent micronutrient malnutrition problems are vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency and iron deficiency. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 83
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A. Vitamin A deficiency Chronic dietary vitamin A deficiency first leads to night blindness and then, in untreated cases, to total blindness. Sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency is present in a much larger population than clinical blindness. Serum retinol (vitamin A) level is a dependable indicator for sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 84
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The cut-off value for serum retinol is given below: Serum retinol ≥ 20 µg/100 ml = Normal Serum retinol <20 µg/100 ml = Vitamin A deficiency Serum retinol <10 µg/100 ml = Severe vitamin A deficiency 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 85
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B. Iodine deficiency Chronic dietary iodine deficiency first leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland such that it is not yet visible. This goiter is called Grade 1 goitre. In untreated cases, Grade 1 goiter develops into Grade 2 goitre, which now becomes visible. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 86
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As with vitamin A deficiency, sub-clinical (also called biochemical) iodine deficiency is present in a larger population than goiter. Urinary iodine level is an internationally accepted and widely used indicator of iodine deficiency. Iodine content of salt being used by hhlds: Rural (Urban) 60 (30) percent inadequate or zero, inadequate defined as <15ppm (p.297) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 87
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The cut-off vale for urinary iodine is given below: Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) ≥100 micrograms/litre = Normal Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) <100 micrograms/litre = Iodine deficiency Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) <20 micrograms/litre = Severe iodine deficiency 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 88
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C. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia Chronic dietary iron deficiency first leads to depletion of iron stores of the body (in the form of ferritin in liver). This is called iron deficiency. Serum ferritin <12 mg/100ml = Iron deficiency Anemia in India: Men (15-54) 24.2 %, Women (15-49) % using above 12 mg benchmark (p. 313) Children: Any anemia (<11 g/dl) 79 % (p. 291) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 89
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When the iron store falls below such level that it cannot support haemoglobin synthesis, haemoglobin level begins to fall. If haemoglobin falls below a critical level, then it is anaemia. The severity of anaemia depends on how low is haemoglobin level. This can be measured by determining haemoglobin concentration in whole blood. The biochemical indicators of iron deficiency and anaemia are as follows: 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 90
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The critical levels of haemoglobin (gm/L) vary according to different age and sex groups and also various physiological conditions Group Normal Mild anaemia Moderate anaemia Severe anaemia Children ( Mo) ≥110 100 – 109 <70 ( Yr) ≥115 ( Yr) ≥120 Male 15+ Yr ≥130 Female Pregnant women Lactating mothers 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 91
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Basic health indicators Immunization rate for measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, poliomyelitis and tetanus (one-year- olds) Prevalence of infectious diseases and epidemics (malaria, cholera, AIDS and other) Access to safe water (rural and urban) Rural access to safe water Urban access to safe water 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 92
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Access to adequate sanitation Infant mortality rate Under five mortality rate Maternal mortality rate Percentage of all cases of diarrhea in children under five of age treated with oral rehydration salts and/or recommended home fluids Infants 0-6 months exclusively breastfed Infants 6-9 months breastfed with complementary food Infants at months, still breastfed 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 93
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Reproductive health indicators Percentage of pregnant women immunized against tetanus Percentage of births attended by trained health personnel Percentage of pregnant women aged years with anaemia Total fertility rate Fertility rate in adolescents Contraceptive prevalence 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 94
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Dimensions & methods for assessing food security and undernutrition
Availability of food Access to food Consumption of food Utilization of nutrients FAO Method Household income & expenditure surveys Individual food intake surveys Anthropometry Qualitative measures of food insecurity 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 95
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ASSESSMENT OF FOOD INSECURITY : FIVIMS
Based on existing national and sub-national information systems related to food security Responds to the information needs of different user groups/Action programs within the country Operated and controlled by the country involved (except perhaps during complex emergencies) Country driven and user focused, designed in response to the needs of national decision-makers (with guidance on best practices) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 96
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Identifying nutritionally vulnerable groups
Prevalence & degree of low food intake; National coverage of food insecurity and vulnerability through FIVIMS; WHO is food insecure? WHERE are they? WHY in that condition? Access to food availability, access, health and care Use of food and nutrition indicators 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 97
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Methods of assessing dietary intake
National food supply data Household data Individual data (Food records, 24 hr dietary recall, dietary diversity, diet histories,food habit questionnaires, combined methods Selecting most appropriate dietary data collection method RAP - rapid assessment procedure ( focus groups to gather information on food behaviours, beliefs and intakes) 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 98
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Issues for dietary assessment methods
Dietary assessment may be collected at national, HH or individual Assessment of food composition at the national level is generally based on FBS At HH /individual level it provides useful information on nutritional adequacy 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 99
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National and household level consumption surveys
Preferred source of food consumption surveys ( provide more information than FBS) Provide consumption characteristics of specific vulnerable groups including those from urban /rural populations Various types of methods used for HFCS 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 100
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Food consumption data needs
type of food consumed (raw, processed, cooked, preparation practices) how much (serving size) how often by whom (e.g.; young ,elderly, immunocompromised) affected by factors such as season region / culture wealth / socio-economic factors age sex 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 101
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Conclusions Need to use core indicators linked to food insecurity & nutrition outcomes Identify food and nutrition vulnerability through information on food consumption patterns ; need to obtain information on intra household distribution of food for accurate assessment of individual intakes Knowledge of HH food allocation patterns and underlying reasons for food / diet related behaviour, so that effectiveness of nutrition interventions can be improved. Differential nutritional status associated with differences in morbidity or illness or other factors within HHs provides valuable information on food distribution 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction 102
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Eleventh Plan on Food Security: Estimates & Interpretations
M.H. Suryanarayana Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Mumbai
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11th Five Year Plan on Food Security:
Sustained solution to morbidity All the more so, Stagnant incomes of the poor Perverse changes in consumption patterns – decline in cereal share Trend reduction in average cereal consumption 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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11th Five Year Plan on Food Security:
Trend reduction in calorie intake – 8% in rural India - 3% in urban India between 1983 and Average calorie intake fall increasingly short of official poverty line norms: 2400 kcals rural India 2100 kcals urban India 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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11th Five Year Plan on Food Security:
Consequences - Nutritional outcome parameters like low birth weights of newborn babies, anthropometric measures 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Review: Estimates of consumption patterns Averages at current prices conceal rather than reveal dynamics of change Reflect changes in relative prices and not real changes in consumption patterns Current price estimates exaggerate the extent of changes 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Review: Cereal share, of course, has declined though not to the extent as revealed by current price estimates Per capita cereal expenditure increased for the bottom three decile groups but not quantities – dynamics of agricultural development Calorie intake increased for the bottom decile groups decreased for the top ones: convergence at a lower level 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Consequences: Incidence of calorie deficiency increased by conventional norms but no so by convergence norms. 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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What is the evidence by disaggregate population groups?
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What is the evidence in terms of household perception on adequacy of food consumption?
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Raises important questions:
What would be an appropriate measure of food security? Objective estimates of food consumption /calorie intake relative to exogenous norms? Subjective perceptions of adequacy of food consumption? How do we verify these two questions? How far measures of association would validate these measures? 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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Food Security: Introduction
What is the evidence? Estimates of bivariate associations either do not make sense or are insignificant Association subjective estimates of food adequacy and objective estimates of average calorie intake – inverse (rural) & insignificant (urban) Objective estimates of calorie deficiency and IMR – insignificant (rural) & negative and significant (Urban) What do they mean? What are the implications for methodology and policy? 11/13/2018 Food Security: Introduction
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