2. CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Consumer Loans, Credit Cards, And Real Estate Lending
To learn about the many types of loans lenders make to consumers(individuals and families) and to real estate borrowers and to understand the factors that influence the profitability and risk of consumer and real estate loans. In addition, the chapter examines how consumer and real estate loan rates may be determined and the options a loan officer has today in pricing loans extended to individuals and families.

3. Types of Consumer Loans
Residential Mortgage Loans
Nonresidential Loans
Installment Loans
Noninstallment Loans
Credit Card Loans

4. Residential Mortgage Loans
Credit to Finance the Purchase of Residential Property in the Form of Houses and Multifamily Dwellings. This is Usually a Long-Term Loan Which is Secured By the Property Itself

5. Installment Loans
Short-Term to Medium-Term Loans Repayable in Two or More Consecutive Payments, Usually Monthly or Quarterly. These Are Often Used to Finance Big Ticket Purchases or Consolidate Existing Debt.

6. Noninstallment Loans
Short-Term Loans By Individuals for Immediate Cash Needs and Repayable in One Lump Sum When the Borrower’s Note Matures

7. Credit Card Loans
Credit Cards Offer Holders Access to Either Installment or Noninstallment Credit. Banks Find That the Installment Users of Credit Cards are the Most Profitable. Banks Also Earn Discount Fees From Merchants on Credit Cards.

8. Debit Cards
Debit Cards Can Be Used To Pay For Goods And Services, But Not To Extend Credit. They Are A Convenient Vehicle For Making Deposits Into And Withdrawals From ATMs And They Facilitate Check Cashing.

9. Characteristics of Consumer Loans
Most Costly and Most Risky to Make Per Dollar
Cyclically Sensitive
Interest Inelastic

10. Evaluating a Consumer Loan Application
Character and Purpose
Income Levels
Deposit Balances
Employment and Residential Stability
Pyramiding of Debt

11. Credit Scoring
Credit Scoring Systems are Based on Discriminant or Logit Models (Statistical Techniques) in Which Several Variables are Joined to Establish a Numerical Score to Separate Good Loans From Bad Loans

12. Laws and Regulations Applying to Consumer Loans
Truth in Lending Act
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Fair Credit Billing Act
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
Equal Credit Opportunity Act
Community Reinvestment Act
Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act

13. Predatory Lending
An Abusive Practice Among Some Lenders That Consists of Granting Loans to Weak Borrowers and Charging Them Excessive Interest Rates and Fees, Increasing the Risk of Default

14. Real Estate Loans Among the Riskiest Loans Banks Can Make
Average Size is Larger Than the Average Size of Other Loans
Tend to Have Longer Maturities Than Other Loans

15. Factors Used in Evaluating Real Estate Loans
Size of Down Payment Relative to Purchase Price of Property
Should Be Evaluated in Terms of Total Relationship
Deposit Stability is a Key Factor
Amount and Stability of Income
Available Savings and Where Down Payment Comes From
Track Record in Maintaining Property
Outlook for Real Estate Market in Local Area
Outlook for Interest Rates If Variable Rate Loan

16. Home Equity Lending
Home Owners Can Use the Difference in Home’s Estimated Value and Remaining Mortgages as a Borrowing Base
Two Types of Credit
Closed End Credit
Lines of Credit
Can Be Used for Any Legitimate Purpose
The 1986 Tax Reform Act Has Helped This Type of Loan Grow in Popularity

17. Cost-Plus Model of Pricing Loans

18. Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
The APR is the Internal Rate of Return that Equates Total Payments With the Amount of the Loan. The Truth in Lending Act Requires That This Rate Be Told to Consumer On All Loans

19. Simple Interest
In Simple Interest the Customer Only Pays Interest On the Amount of the Principal Left. First the Declining Loan Balance is Calculated and That Reduced Balance is Used to Calculate the Amount of Interest Owed

20. Discount Rate Method
The Discount Rate Method Requires the Customer to Pay the Interest in Advance. Interest is Deducted First and the Customer Receives the Loan Amount Less Any Interest Owed

21. Add-On Loan Rate Method
Interest Owed is Added to the Principal Amount, Then the Loan Payments are Calculated By Dividing This Sum By the Number of Loan Payments

22. Rule of 78s
A Rule of Thumb to Determine Exactly How Much Interest Income a Bank is Entitled to Accrue at Any Point in Time From an Installment Loan Being Paid in Monthly Installments.

23. Compensating Balance Requirements
Some Banks Require Customers to Keep a Certain Percentage of the Loan Amount in a Deposit Account in the Bank. This Raises the Effective Cost of a Consumer Loan.

24. Variable Rate Consumer Loan

25. Interest Rates on Home Mortgages
Fixed Rate Mortgage (FRM) – 1930s to 1970s Most Mortgages Were Fixed-Rate Mortgages. They Had a Fixed Interest Rate That Did Not Change Over the Life of the Loan
Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM) – in the Early 1970s Adjustable Rate Mortgages Were Allowed. These Mortgages Have an Interest Rate That Changes Over the Life of the Mortgage. Roughly One Quarter of All Mortgages are Adjustable Today

26. Mortgage Points
This is an Additional Up Front Charge Often Required on Home Mortgages. It is a Percentage of the Loan Amount and Reduces the Amount of the Loan Available