AND an example of physical evidence

AND an example of physical evidence
In your own words- write down what you think the definition of “physical evidence” is AND an example of physical evidence

Any material either in gross or trace
Physical Evidence Any material either in gross or trace quantities that can establish through scientific examination and analysis that a crime has been committed.

Name this terms associated with Physical Evidence
Direct evidence Prima facie evidence Circumstantial evidence Exculpatory evidence extremely small items stands on its own to prove an alleged fact evidence established by law incriminates a person helps to prove that an accused individual is not guilty

Classification of Physical Evidence
Trace evidence Direct evidence Prima facie evidence Circumstantial evidence Exculpatory evidence extremely small items stands on its own to prove an alleged fact evidence established by law incriminates a person helps to prove that an accused individual is not guilty

Another commonly used classification of physical evidence
c? d? Associative evidence establishes that a crime has been committed links suspect with the crime.

Another commonly used classification of physical evidence
Corpus delicti Associative evidence establishes that a crime has been committed links suspect with the crime.

Physical evidence utilization in other areas of forensic investigation
Provides investigative leads for a case Ties one crime to a similar crime or connects one suspect with another Corroborates statements from witnesses to or victims of a crime

The elements of a crime help to determine what will be useful as evidence.
Besides knowing what types of evidence to search for, it is necessary to know where evidence is most likely to be found.

Characteristics of evidence
features that place the item into a specific category features that distinguish one item from another of the same type Class characteristics Individual characteristics

Types of physical evidence
BODY FLUIDS Conventional serology: presence of blood in stains species identification and ABO grouping is not adequately informative to positive identify a person DNA analysis can associate victim and/or suspect with each other or with the crime scene BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS additional information SEM: erythrocytes & lymphocytes

BODY TISSUES organ samples collected at autopsy, including blood, urine and stomach contents DRUGS & CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES plant materials, powders, tablets, capsules toxicological analysis volatile compounds (ethanol, methanol, isopropanol) heavy metals (arsenic) nonvolatile organic compounds (drugs of abuse, pharmaceuticals) miscellaneous (strychnine, cyanide) trace drug presence, identity, and quantity Black tar heroine wrapped in cellophane

DOCUMENTS examination typed, handwritten and printed materials for evidence of forgery indented writings, obliterated or altered writings, used carbon paper, burned or charred paper paper and ink analysis handwriting comparison to determine authenticity Obliterated writing examination

human/animal race body area cosmetic treatments method of removal (crushed, cut, burned, forcibly removed, fallen out naturally) can associate a hair to a person positive identification presence of drugs and poisons type color, composition construction HAIRS hairs analysis can determine morphological features DNA analysis toxicological examination FIBERS

Two matching hairs identified with the comparison microscope Flax fibers viewed with polarized light

FINGERPRINTS the strongest possible evidence of a person’s identity FIRE DEBRIS & EXPLOSIVES RESIDUE EXAMINATIONS identification of accelerants and explosive residues Fingerprint Matching Unburned accelerator liquid on a soot covered carpet

FIREARMS & AMMUNITION individual microscopic marks identification, source, operability of firearms. detection and characterization of gunpowder residues muzzle-to-garments distance estimation GLASS FRAGMENTS Cause of breakage Direction of breakage force Physical fitting Glass fragment comparisons Photomicrograph: test bullet - questioned bullet Glass fracture produced by a high-speed projectile

PAINT & PAINT PRODUCTS analysis and comparison of paint transferred from the surface of an object to another during the commission of a crime: Suspect vehicle impacting a victim vehicle; a pedestrian or a stationary object Tool impacting stationary object Paint databases can help identify the year, make and/or color of a motor vehicle from a chip of paint left at the scene. Paint Layers on Wood Surface

TOOLMARK IDENTIFICATION microscopic side-by-side comparison attempts to link a particular tool with a particular mark to the exclusion of any other tool ROPE & CORDAGE composition, construction, color and diameter Spacing between teeth in gripping -major role in toolmark examinations manufacturer

SOILS & MINERALS comparison between two or more soils to determine if they share a common origin color, texture, composition comparison WOOD place the suspect at the crime scene side or end matching, fracture matching and species identification. Layers of soil exposed at a grave site. Each layer must be sampled Cross-section - Xylem

OILS/GREASE & COSMETIC PRODUCTS SHOEPRINTS & TIRE TREAD IMPRESSIONS have value for forensic comparisons. can provide positive identification of the suspect’s shoes or tires from the suspect’s vehicle. possess unique composition for comparison Shoeprint collected using a gelatin lifter.

Processing physical evidence
discovering, recognizing and examining it; collecting, recording and identifying it; packaging, conveying and storing it; exhibiting it in court; disposing of it when the case is closed.

Crime Scene Basics T. Trimpe

Crime Scene Vocabulary
Crime Scene: Any physical location in which a crime has occurred or is suspected of having occurred. Primary Crime Scene – The original location of a crime or accident. Secondary Crime Scene – An alternate location, such as where additional evidence may be found. Suspect: Person thought to be capable of committing a crime. Accomplice: Second person associated with committing a crime. Alibi: Statement of where a suspect was at the time of a crime.

Source: http://www3.sc.maricopa.edu/ajs/crime_scene_technician.htm
Evidence used to resolve a crime can be split into 2 areas: testimonial evidence and physical evidence. The testimonial evidence would be any witnessed accounts of an incident or crime. The physical evidence would refer to any material items that would be present on the crime scene or the victims. These items would be presented in a crime investigation to prove or disprove the facts of the issue. Examples include DNA, the body itself, the weapon used, pieces of carpet, blood and other body fluids, fingerprints, or casts of footprints or tire prints. Trace evidence refers evidence that is found at a crime scene in small but measurable amounts. Source:

What will evidence collected at a scene do for the investigation?
May prove that a crime has been committed Establish any key elements of a crime Link a suspect with a crime scene or a victim Establish the identity of a victim or suspect Corroborate verbal witness testimony Exonerate the innocent. Give detectives leads to work with in the case Source: What evidence can be found at a crime scene? Brainstorm with your group to come up with a list of evidence you might find at a crime scene and how it could be used by investigators.

Investigating the Evidence
Forensic Science disciplines at the Illinois State Police Crime Labs Drug Chemistry – Determines the presence of controlled substances and the identification of marijuana Trace Chemistry - Identification and comparison of materials from fires, explosions, paints, and glass. Microscopy - Identification and comparison of hairs, fibers, woods, soils, building materials, insulation and a broad group of materials referred to as "particulate unknowns.” Biology/DNA - Presence and comparison of body fluids and dried stains such as blood, semen, and saliva. Toxicology – Determines the presence of drugs and poisons in tissue, blood, urine and other body fluids. Latent Prints - Identification and comparison of hidden impressions from sources like fingers, palms, feet, shoes, ears, lips or the tread on vehicle tires. Firearms & Toolmarks - Examination and comparison of fired bullets, discharged cartridges, guns, gunpowder patterns, and marks left by erased serial numbers in metal or by burglary tools like a pry bar or screwdriver. Questioned Documents - Side by side comparisons of questioned handwriting and hand printing, ink, paper, writing instruments, printers, photocopiers, additions, eradications, obliterations, watermarks, and impressions. Source:

Source: http://www.feinc.net/cs-proc.htm
Crime Scene Protocol Interview - The first step in processing a crime scene begins with interview of the first officer at the scene or the victim to determine what allegedly happened, what crime took place, and how was the crime committed. This information may not be factual information but it will give the investigators a place to start. Examine - The second step in the investigating a crime scene, which will help identify possible items of evidentiary nature, identify point of entry and point of exit, and getting the general layout of the crime scene. Photograph - The third step in the protocol, which involves creating a pictorial record of the scene and record items of possible evidence. Crime scene photographs are generally taken in two categories, overall views and items of evidence. Sketch - The fourth step in the protocol involves drawing a rough sketch to demonstrate the layout of the crime scene or to identify the exact position of the deceased victim or evidence within the crime scene. A crime scene sketch may not be completed on every case, however some form of sketching usually occurs in most cases, i.e., on a fingerprint lift card to identify exactly where the latent was recovered. Process – This is the last step in the protocol. The crime scene technician will process the crime scene for evidence, both physical and testimonial evidence. It is the crime scene technicians responsibility to identify, evaluate and collect physical evidence from the crime scene for further analysis by a crime laboratory. Source:

Crime Scene Investigation
Secure the Crime Scene As a criminalist/crime scene investigator, the first things you should do upon arriving at the scene is: 1) Identify and contact the office in charge (OIC) of the scene – this is likely to be a detective or ranking member of law enforcement present. 2) Identify all other persons who have or have had access to the scene – this would include: a) other law enforcement officers b) coroner’s personnel c) any public safety personnel (fire, ambulance, etc) d) any civilians present (residents, neighbors, newspersons etc. 3) Establish the scope and range of the scene –this includes: a) physical boundaries of the scene b) secondary scenes such as associated vehicles or relevant sites outside the physical boundaries of the scene

Secure the Crime Scene 4) Physically secure the scene with police line tape or by other means and have law enforcement officers available to enforce the scene perimeter 5) Securing the scene – this can be difficult on occasion, especially in the case of high profile cases where news persons, and onlookers may become unruly or persistent Also, high profile cases attract high ranking law enforcement persons who, technically, have nothing to do with the case and have no business being on the scene. 6) Interview initial resoponding officers (RO’s) – this would include: a) law enforcement officers responding to the initial call b) backup officers who responded to the scene

Secure the Crime Scene 7) Establish the perpetrator’s path of entry and exit – this includes identifying any obvious pieces of evidence that comes to the attention of the crime scene investigator 8) Do an initial walk-through – this should be done along with the initial responding officer who can add any information they may have obtained prior to your arrival 9) Develop a strategy for systematically: a) examining/investigating the crime scene b) documenting the crime scene investigation

Record the Crime Scene – typically, there is only so much time available to evaluate and record the scene. The investigator must move purposfully and record the scene using a combination of methods including: 1) Photography – Crime scene photography is very important especially for establishing the physical relationships of items of interest (furniture, stains, weapons, bodies, etc) 2) Sketches – this is actually a very good way to make detailed observations about a scene. A sketch of the overall crime scene noting the relative location of items along with detailed sketches and comments about various items of evidence is extremely important. 3) Detailed notes – these are critical since often you will be asked about the scene in court long after the investigation has taken place. Contemporaneous notes are the only way you will ever be able to accurately and truthfully be able to describe and recall events and observations

1) Photography – “A picture is worth a thousand words” Establish overall shots of the scene – this includes: a) the entire scene b) surrounds areas c) points of exit and entry 2) Area shots showing the general relationship of items 3) medium range shots showing the aspect and positioning of items 4) Close-ups showing details of interest on the evidence items 5) make sure to keep a running log of all photos taken a) a written log including location, photo #, and description of the item/site photographed b) a “Photo map” using an overall stetch of the site or localized area is also helpful for locating the item photgraphed and where the photo was taken from

1) Photography – “A picture is worth a thousand words” 6) Videotape – the use of videotape is being implemented on a widespread basis in crime scene investigation recently. The advantages of videotaping include: a) it affords an “in person” view of the scene and evidence b) it allows for a continuous narrative of the crime scene investigator especially during initial walk-through and subsequent re-construction of the crime

2) Sketches – “An annotated picture is worth a ten thousand words” a) Rough sketch – this is made at the time of the investigation and doesn’t have to be exact or “pretty”. It does need to include: 1) an overall view including the relationship of items to each other 2) All recovered items of physical evidence 3) All other important items of the crime scene 4) Location of objects by use of measurements 5) Identification of all items by use of identifying numbers or letters which match with the investigator’s evidence property log. b) Finished Sketch – this is made after the fact from the rough sketch and should be neat, well-drawn with all items easily identifiable. All measurements should be as accurate as possible and should locate the item from at least two (2) landmarks (walls, doorways, fences, etc)

A rough sketch should be made at the time of the investigation and should include a simple depiction of all items of interest in the scene being sketched. Oftentimes a sketch will be of a small part of an overall scene. Then, there is usually a larger sketch which act as an “atlas” showing the relative locations of the smaller, more detailed sketches.

The finished sketch, unlike the rough sketch must be neat and presentable with items clearly delineated and recognizable. Measurements must be neatly shown and must come from the rough sketch to be admissible in court.

3) Notes – Note taking at the scene must be a constant activity and should include: a) Scene – a detailed written description of the scene with the location of the items of physical evidence recovered. They should include: 1) time of discovery 2) who discovered it 3) how it was discovered 4) who handled the item before packaging 5) who packaged and marked the item 6) disposition of the item b) Details – this may be the only record of the scene that exists after a period of time. The note taker should put down as many details as possible at the time the notes are taken. Only contemporaneous notes are allowed as evidence in court. c) Tape recording

Conduct a Systematic Search for Evidence – the search for physical evidence at a crime scene must be thorough and systematic. Typically, the scene must be searched even if the solving of the crime is not at issue during the search. 1) Search Control – Typically, one person is put in charge of controlling the search to prevent duplication of effort or missed areas. 2) Search Criteria – the nature of the crime and the scene will determine what and how you search. Typically, this will differ for different crime scenes so a certain expertise must be developed by the crime scene investigator such that they recognize the scene type and can direct the search correctly. 3) Search Strategy – Often, the physical make-up of the scene will determine the search strategy. There are several different search patterns that have been developed for different environments.

Conduct a Systematic Search for Evidence 3) Search Strategy (cont’d) – differing scenes require differing search strategies. Scene types include but are not limited to: a) buildings – houses, offices, shops, manufactories, stadiums, kiosks, jails/prisons, etc. b) open areas – lawns, yards, parks, parking lots, streets, school grounds, maintenance yards, etc. c) vehicles – cars, trailers, buses, airplanes, etc d) persons – victim(s), suspect(s) 4) Search Evidence – again, the nature of the crime will determine what you search for. For homicides, one would search for a murder weapon (gun, shell casings, bullets; knife; garrote, etc.) as well as searching for blood and cross-transfer evidence (trace evidence). For a burglary, one would search for evidence of forced entry, shoe marks, fingerprints, tool-marks, etc. For hit-and-run, one would search for glass, paint transfer, tire marks, etc.

Conduct a Systematic Search for Evidence 4) Search Evidence (cont’d) – differing scenes require a search for different types of evidence. Physical evidence can be anything from massive objects to microscopic traces. Evidence collection can take place at may levels: a) At the crime scene – large items and those smaller items visible by eye search and with the use of different reagents can be collected and inventoried at the scene. b) trace evidence and those items associated with cross-transfer usually have to be evaluated back at the laboratory. These include: 1) clothing – including victim’s clothing and suspect’s clothing 2) trace evidence collected by vacuum sweeping the crime scene area (when practicable). 3) biological evidence – including blood, skin, saliva, semen and other body fluids.

Conduct a Systematic Search for Evidence 4) Search Evidence (cont’d) – Body searches: These can take place at the coroner’s office or at the hospital depending on the condition of the individual. The searches should include: a) Clothing b) Fingernail scrapings c) Head and pubic hairs d) Blood and saliva (for DNA purposes) e) Vaginal, anal and oral swabs (in sex-related crimes) f) recovered foreign objects (bullets, etc) g) hand swabs

Collect and Package Physical Evidence – physical evidence must be handled and packaged in a way that prevents any change from occurring. The evidence must be properly packaged according to type and properly labeled and sealed with appropriate initials to maintain chain of custody. The integrity of evidence is best maintained when it is kept in its original condition as found at the crime scene. Trace evidence should not be removed from the objects they’re found on unless it is impossible to transport the item. 1) Proper Packaging – The crime scene investigator should bring several different types of packaging with them to the scene. Small packages to contain hairs, fibers, bullets, glass or other items should be available typical types of small packaging include: a) screw-cap or pressure-lid plastic bottles b) coin envelopes/manila envelopes c) small pill boxes d) “druggist fold” paper bindles

Collect and Package Physical Evidence 1) Proper Packaging (cont’d) – While these types of sealable packages are good for powders and other dry trace, bloodstains and bloodstained evidence is different Bloodstained evidence should not be packaged in airtight containers due to the moisture content of the blood. The blood will start to mold very quickly and this mold will damage the evidence item and the associated bloodstains For damp or bloody items one should use: a) brown paper bags of appropriate size b) earthguard bags c) butcher paper that can be folded and properly taped shut.

Collect and Package Physical Evidence 2) Proper Labeling – Once items have been properly packaged, they must be properly labeled. Proper labeling includes the following: a) The investigating agency’s case number b) the scene site (especially if more than one scene is involved) c) a brief description of the evidence or the evidence item number which correlates to an evidence log d) the location where the evidence was obtained within the scene e) the collector’s name or badge no. and initials f) the date and time collected

Collect and Package Physical Evidence 3) Chain of Custody – Once items have been properly packaged and labeled, they must be transported to the crime lab for further evaluation. A complete and correct chain of custody must be maintained for all items. Often it is not the evidence collector who transports the evidence to the lab so a chain of custody log must be maintained indicating the transfer of custody to and from every individual who is involved in transporting or storing the evidence until it gets to the crime lab. These include: a) the collecting officer b) the transportation officer c) any evidence storage officer if the evidence is stored prior to taking it to the lab d) any further transportation officer e) anyone who gets into the evidence for any reason f) the laboratory evidence collection person(s)

Crime Scene Safety – In crime scene investigation as in all other areas of law enforcement, the top priority item is officer safety. Due to changes in the social milieu, deadly, communicable diseases such as AIDS and Hepatitis are things officers can come into contact with on a frequent basis. Following proper safety guidelines is crucial for maintaining officer safety at the crime scene and beyond to the crime lab itself. 1) Minimum protection – the minimum level of protection an investigator should wear includes latex gloves (double gloved) and tyvek shoe covers. It is also strongly recommended that the investigator wear some sort of mouth covering and eye protection especially at scenes where blood or other biological materials are found. 2) Breathing protection - at scenes where contaminated dust or gas may be an issue, the investigator should wear a particle mask or respirator as well as goggles of some kind.

Crime Scene Safety (cont’d) – 3) Sharps – when processing or collecting evidence one should always be alert for the presence of sharp or pointed objects that can cut the skin and allow an entry point for infection or contaminated material. 4) Biohazard – The investigator should always have red, properly marked Biohazard bags available for the disposal of contaminated gloves, masks, shoe covers, etc. and Biohazard labels should always be affixed to all evidence collected which may contain blood or other biologically dangerous materials. 5) Note taking in a biohazard environment – notes should be taken only with uncontaminated gloves or by a person who is not directly handling evidence. This avoids contamination of pens and notebooks, etc.

Crime Scene Safety (cont’d) – 6) Eating – eating, drinking or application of make-up are prohibited at the immediate crime-scene 7) Non-disposables – All non-disposable items such as overalls or lab coats should be removed and placed in properly marked linen bags for laundering by an appropriate service. Any personal clothing that becomes contaminated should be removed for laundering also Personal clothing that becomes contaminated should never be taken home for cleaning.

Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene – Since the 1960’s, the Supreme Court has been defining the circumstances under which the police can search for evidence in the absence of a search warrant. A number of allowances have been made for warrantless searches (which would normally violate the 4th Amendment): 1) the existence of emergency circumstances 2) the need to prevent the immediate loss or destruction of evidence 3) a search of a person and property within the immediate control of the person provided it is made incident to a lawful arrest (probable cause) 4) a search made by consent of the parties involved

Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene – Two cases were decided in 1978 on these issues: Mincey v. Arizona – The court decided that a 4-day search following a warrantless entry in response to an officer- involved shooting was not legal and the evidence obtained which was used to convict Mincey was thrown out and the conviction was overturned. Michigan v. Tyler – Following the burning of a building, three additional searches of the premises turned up evidence of owner-initiated arson. The court ruled that the three subsequent trips into the premises without a warrant being obtained were illegal searches and the conviction was overturned. The search of the buildings following the initial response to the fire was allowed though warrantless since it immediately followed the initial entry by firefighters.

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