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Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections & Nursing Intravenous Standards
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MICU CVC-Associated BSI
This material was prepared for use by a UIHC Committee investigating ways to reduce morbidity & mortality
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SICU Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection Rate
This material was prepared for use by a UIHC Committee investigating ways to reduce morbidity & mortality
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4JCE Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection Rate
This material was prepared for use by a UIHC Committee investigating ways to reduce morbidity & mortality
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CVC-associated Bloodstream Infections
200,000 (80,000 ICU) CVC-associated BSI in the hospital per year. 10-20% attributable mortality w/ CVC infections in the ICU. Costs of $3,700-$28,000 per line infection and total of $2.3 billion per year in US.
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Median Catheter-associated BSI Rates by ICU Type in US
Am J Infect Control 2001; 29:
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Central Venous Catheters
A CVC is an intravenous catheter whose tip ends in the central venous system CVCs are commonly inserted through the jugular, subclavian, femoral, cephalic, & basilic veins Indications for CVCs Administer IV fluids, medications, blood products Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Hemodynamic monitoring
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Types of Central Venous Catheters
Long-term (>4-6 weeks): totally implantable port, tunneled catheters Intermediate (>2 weeks, but <6 weeks): peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) Short-term (<2weeks): non-tunneled central catheter (e.g., triple lumen catheter) Short-term, non-tunneled CVC Account for 90% of CA-BSI
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Sources of Catheter-associated Bloodstream Infections
CONTAMINATION OF DEVICE PRIOR TO INSERTION Extrinsic >>Manufacturer SKIN ORGANISMS Endogenous Flora HCW hands Contam Disinfectant Invading Wound CONTAMINATION OF CATHETER HUB Extrinsic (HCW) Endogenous (Skin) CONTAMINATED INFUSATE Fluid Medication Extrinsic Manufacturer Vein HEMATOGENOUS From Distant Local Infection Fibrin Sheath, Thrombus Skin
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Hand Hygiene Perform hand hygiene with Avagard D before inserting peripheral or central venous catheters
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CVC: Insertion Person inserting central line must use maximum sterile barrier precautions Sterile gloves and gown Nonsterile masks and hats Large sterile drapes that cover wide area Prep site with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) Prep with side-to-side scrub for 30 seconds Let dry for 30 seconds
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Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-Related Infection by Using Maximal Sterile Barrier Precautions During Insertion Control MSB N 167 176 % Colonization 7.2% 2.3%* Colonization per 1000 catheter days 1.0 0.3* Sepsis per 1000 catheter days 0.5 0.08* *p<0.05 vs. control Raad et al, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:
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Reducing Risk of CVC Infections
Do not routinely replace CVC for purpose of preventing infection (NEJM 1992;327:1062-8) Remove CVC as soon as possible Strictly adhere to hand hygiene & aseptic technique during CVC insertion
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A Controlled Trial of Scheduled Replacement of Central Venous and Pulmonary-Artery Catheters Cobb et al (NEJM 1992;327:1062-8) Randomized pts. to one of four study Groups: Routine CVC change Q 3 day by GWX Routine CVC change Q 3 day to new site CVC change by GWX only when CVC change indicated CVC change to new site only when CVC change indicated.
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A Controlled Trial of Scheduled Replacement of Central Venous and Pulmonary-Artery Catheters Cobb et al (NEJM 1992;327:1062-8) No difference in infection rate in pts. undergoing scheduled change vs. those undergoing line change when indicated. Higher rate CR-BSI in patients undergoing GWX (p=0.06). High rate of mechanical complications in patients undergoing new stick (p=0.005).
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Guidewire Exchange Routine GWX of lines as prophylaxis against CVC infection not supported by literature. Acceptable when line infection not suspected. Do not use guidewire techniques to replace CVC for which there is strong suspicion of CVC-associated infection. Tunneled CVC should never be changed over a guidewire. Ok for line malfunction, new port for TPN, need to change type of line if no fever, elevated WBC or other clinical evidence of line infection Potential indications for GWX when infection suspected History of difficult line placement No site for a new puncture (burns, venous thrombosis, etc.) High or catastrophic risk of pneumothorax (e.g.. pneumonectomy patient on contralateral side from surgery) Anticoagulation (guidewire exchange still not risk free)
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Recommended Procedure for Guidewire Exchange of CVC
Wide skin prep as with all CVC placements. Double glove and use MSB technique. Once old line removed, remove outer gloves prior to handling new line. Use new sterile caps on ports & new IV tubing. When prepping, hold catheter with one hand, which is now contaminated (like Foley placement). Prep with other hand, starting with skin and then working up the line. Place prepped line either on to chest or on to a sterile barrier opened for this purpose, but not onto the bed (contaminating prep). CAUTION: do not cut if patient is unstable or this is the only access!
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CVC: Dressing Change Change dressing when wet, soiled or bloody
Change transparent dressing q 7 days If transparent dressing is contraindicated and a gauze dressing is used, change gauze dressing q 48 hours
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CVC: Dressing Change Perform hand hygiene with Avagard D
Assemble supplies Put on clean gloves and remove old dressing down to the exit site Pull the dressing toward the exit site of the catheter (this helps prevent pulling out the line) Remove the remainder of the dressing by pulling off the dressing toward the exit site
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CVC: Dressing Change Observe exit site for redness, drainage, or other signs of infection If there is any redness observed or drainage at the site/dressing, remove gloves and perform hand hygiene Put on sterile gloves & palpate the area for tenderness, swelling, or drainage If there is drainage, obtain swab culture and physician/LIP order for culture
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CVC: Dressing Change Clean area around site with CHG using side-to-side strokes Clean under catheter and around exit site Allow CHG to dry for 30 seconds. Do not fan or blow on the site ChloraPrep 3 ml applicator available in Processed Stores MHO8980
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CVC: Dressing Change Apply transparent dressing Note: No longer necessary to use 2x2 gauze dressing under transparent dressing Do not use topical antibiotic ointment or creams at exit site Securely anchor catheter to skin Record date, time and initials on tape or dressing
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CVC: Maintenance Cleanse outside of hubs with alcohol before each use – allow to air dry Administer TPN through a dedicated port If using central line for pressure monitoring, change transducers, stopcocks, flush devices, and flush solutions q 96 hours
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Tubing and Solution Changes
Change maintenance IV solutions at least q 96 hours, or sooner if medications added to solution expire Change IV tubing q 96 hours, except Blood tubing q 24 hours Lipid tubing q 24 hours Tubing used for lipid-based meds (such as Propofol) every 12 hours Change tubing and solution for intermittent IV every 24 hours
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Peripheral IV: Insertion
Prep insertion site for 30 seconds with 2% CHG Use mechanical friction in a side-to-side application Allow site to dry for 30 seconds ChloraPrep 1.5 ml applicator available in Processed Stores MHO8979
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Peripheral IV: Insertion
Note: If peripheral IV is to be placed for < 6 hours (such as in clinics), an alcohol prep may be used If an alcohol prep is used and the peripheral IV is needed for more than 6 hours, it is recommended that the site be changed
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Peripheral IV: Insertion and Maintenance
Change peripheral IV site every 96 hours Do not place tape directly over the insertion site Use a transparent dressing over insertion site Do not use topical antibiotic ointment or creams on insertion site
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Peripheral IV: Flush Cleanse diaphragm of saline vial with 70% alcohol before withdrawing saline Replace the cap on the IV line each time it is removed Discard saline vial at the manufacturer’s expiration date
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Arterial Line: Maintenance
Replace flush solution, tubing, and transducer (down to stopcock closest to the patient) every 96 hours Replace dressing every 96 hours Change dressing when wet, soiled or bloody Cleanse exit site with 2% CHG using side-to-side scrub Allow to dry for 30 seconds before applying new dressing
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Blood Culture Collection
When an order for a blood culture is written, interpret the order to mean the following: Collect 2 blood culture sets sequentially from two different sites Whenever possible, collect a 3rd blood culture set 4-6 hours later
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Blood Culture Collection
Blood cultures obtained from a peripheral site are preferred For patients with poor venous access, blood may be drawn from an intravascular catheter One of the first two blood culture sets should be drawn from a peripheral site
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Blood Culture Collection
For a blood culture set, obtain 1 aerobic and 1 anaerobic bottle Disinfect the top of each bottle with 70% alcohol swab Allow the top to dry for 1 minute Inoculate each bottle with 10 ml of blood
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Blood Culture Collection: Peripheral
Obtain Blood Culture Prep Kit II Perform hand hygiene Select the vein to be used Use “Isopropyl Alcohol Frepp” to scrub site vigorously for 30 seconds Allow to dry Cepti-Seal Blood culture Prep Kit II is available in Processed Stores MHO7577
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Blood Culture Collection: Peripheral
Use “Iodine Tincture Sepp” to apply iodine tincture to venipuncture site, starting at center and moving outward in concentric circles to periphery Allow the iodine to dry for at least 30 seconds Do not touch site after prep (unless wearing sterile gloves)
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Blood Culture Collection: Peripheral
Put on sterile gloves Perform venipuncture and obtain 20 ml of blood Cleanse the venipuncture site with 70% alcohol after the sample is obtained
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Blood Culture Collection: Central Line
Perform hand hygiene Clean catheter junction with alcohol swab and allow to dry Aspirate 10 ml aliquot of fluid from catheter and discard Aspirate 20 ml of blood from catheter
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