1. Federalists vs. Republicans
John Adams and the Federalists were in power after President Washington’s term. Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic –Republicans formed an opposition party because they were upset with the Alien & Sedition Acts and a “Quasi-War” with France.
What was Thomas Jefferson’s party?
Which party did farmers and Southerners generally support?
Why did Jefferson form an opposition party?

2. Monticello

3. XYZ Affair -- Adams

4. Jefferson defeats Adams
Democratic- Republicans take power
1st peaceful transition of parties

5. Note:
Although Jefferson defeated John Adams, he and Arron Burr both had 73 electoral votes. So, as the Constitution states, in a tie, the House of Representatives decides who would be president
It took 6 days to break a deadlock in the House. On the 36th vote, Jefferson won.
Significant in Jefferson’s win, was the support of Alexander Hamilton, who strongly disliked Burr and influenced other House members.
At this time, the presidential candidate with the most votes won and the person who came in second became Vice President. This did not always make for a well working executive branch.
After the Jefferson and Burr tie, the 12th Amendment was written and approved. From then on, the President and Vice Prsident would run on one ticket.

6. Midnight Judges and the Judiciary Act of 1789
President Adams quickly filled as many of the newly created circuit judgeships as possible. The new judges were known as the Midnight Judges because Adams was said to be signing their appointments at midnight prior to President Thomas Jefferson's inauguration.
Of these judges, Marbury was to be on the Surpreme Court (for life)

7. Marbury Sued Madison over this matter.
Jefferson ordered the Secretary of State (James Madison) not to deliver the official papers to Marbury the next day.
Marbury Sued Madison over this matter.

8. Jefferson had James Madison refuse to give a commission to one of John Adams’ “midnight judges”
Issue goes to the Supreme Court
Establishes the concept of “Judicial Review”
The Court may decide if a law is constitutional or not

9. Our 3rd president
1st President inaugurated in Washington, DC
Outlines his essential principles of a more limited government (laissez faire: let alone)
Wants to unite the country. “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists.”

10. Lets the Alien & Sedition Acts expire
Cuts all internal taxes
Decreases the military
Uses tariffs and sales of Western land to reduce the National Debt

11. Hamilton supported Burr’s opponent in the New York Governors race.
Hamilton Vs. Burr
Duel (1804) When two gentleman cannot settle an argument and ones honor is in question they use Pistols to settled it.
Hamilton supported Burr’s opponent in the New York Governors race.
Burr Challenges Hamilton and kills him.
Hamilton not a supporter of duels (his son was killed in one), purposely missed his shot. Burr took careful aim.
Burr is still upset that Hamilton outwardly support Jefferson for President.
Hamilton never fires a shot because it was a tactic that is his opponent missed he would be able to take aim and get a good shot off. It didn’t work

12. Owned by France (going to war with England)
New Orleans controls the entire Mississippi River
Haitian Revolution led by Tousaint L’Ouverture makes the territory less valuable to France and Naploeon needs money & allies

13. Jefferson is not sure if it’s Constitutional
Uses his treaty-making power
$15 million to double the size of the US; about 4 cents/ acre; 828,000 sq. miles
Ratified by the Senate in 1803; announced to public on July 4, 1803

14. JEFFERSON’S PRINCIPLES GET IN THE WAY.
Jefferson is a strict Constructionist
Must use implied powers to justify the
deal
Federalist attack Jefferson for
stretching the Constitution.

15. Maps of the Louisiana Purchase
Included New Orleans and land along the Mississippi River and therefore the control of this important water way.
The original maps can be found at:

16. Lewis & Clark hired to explore & find Northwest Passage (waterway to Pacific) & map
Jefferson asked Congress to fund ($2,500)
Left from St. Louis and began traveling on Missouri River
Started in January 1803
Sacajawea brought on as guide
Reach Pacific in November 1805
Open the way to settlement & claim on Oregon Territory

17. Lewis and Clark Expedition
During expedition, Jefferson sends a secret message to congress regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition
In this message Jefferson asks for permission to establish trading with the Indians
Goal of Lewis & Clark Expedition
ASCEND THE MISSOURI RIVER AND CROSS TO THE PACIFIC
SURVEY THE AREA AND ESTABLISH RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS

19. Embargo Act 1807 Forbade export of all goods from U.S.
Jefferson got Congress to hastily pass the act
Reasoned that a U.S. embargo would force Britain & France to respect its rights.
Loose construction of the Constitution
Congress' power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop exports.
Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights philosophy
Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy. Why? We need foreign business more than they do.
Non Intercourse Act (ended Embargo Act)
Formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except France and Britain
Remained U.S. policy until War of 1812.
The Embargo Act of 1807 was an American law prohibiting all export of cargo from American ports. It was designed to force Britain to rescind its restrictions on American trade, but failed, and was repealed in early Specifically, the Embargo act prohibited American goods from being shipped to foreign ports and all foreign vessels from taking cargo at American ports. Cargo for the coastal trade had to be bonded at double value. Foreign imports were not banned, but they mostly ceased because ships would have to return empty. It represented President Thomas Jefferson's response to the United Kingdom's Orders in Council (1807) and France's Continental System, which were severely hurting America's merchant marines. Although it was designed to force the British and French to change their commercial systems, neither country did, and the Act was repealed in Moreover, the Act failed to prevent the War of Historians in 2006 ranked it #7 of the 10 worst mistakes ever made by an American President.[1]
From the 1790s to 1807, American shippers enjoyed their status as the primary neutral carrier between France and Britain while both countries were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, profiting as both Nations purchased American goods and ships. Before it passed, about $120 million in American ships and cargo were on the high seas on any one day. Jefferson thought that Britain needed the business so badly it would buckle on the impressment issue, where British warships stopped American commercial ships and seized sailors it said were British subjects. The vast British Royal Navy required a large workforce to keep a stranglehold on the oceans; a need which could not be provided for by volunteer enlistment. British warships stopped American merchant ships; inspected the papers of every crewmember, and carried off those they decided were British subjects. Over 6,000 sailors with American naturalization papers were also taken because Britain did not honor "naturalised citizenship" papers issued by American courts to men born in Britain.

20. France & England’s war traps US in the middle
US ships & sailors harassed by both
Act blocks trade against both countries
Only hurts US merchants

21. Barbary pirates from North Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunsia & Tripoli) attack US ships & demand tributes
Jefferson sent the USS Constitution & orders a blockade
The pirates sign a treaty which ends all tribute payments

22. Map of Mediterranean Sea

23. JEFFERSON VS THE PASHA OF TRIPOLI
JEFFERSON OPPOSED LARGE ARMIES AND NAVIES
A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT
Barbary Pirates take bribe money from US ships so that they don’t take their cargo.
Pirates demands increase
Jefferson won’t pay them, and tries to over through the gov’t of Tripoli but does not succeed.
Jefferson realizes that without a real military our nation is at risk.
AND EXPENSIVE
Because of the failed gov’t over through we pay $60,000 in ransom.
Although Thomas Jefferson came to power determined to limit the reach of the federal government, foreign affairs dominated his presidency and pushed him toward Federalist policies that greatly contrasted with his political philosophy. The first foreign episode involved Jefferson's war with the Barbary pirates. For the previous century or so, Western nations had paid bribes to the Barbary states, which would later become Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripolitania, to keep them from harassing American and merchant    
ships. When the Pasha of Tripoli raised his demands in 1801, Jefferson refused to pay the increase, sent warships to the Mediterranean, blockaded the small nation, and tried unsuccessfully to promote a palace coup in Tripoli. This was one of the first covert operations in American history. The war ended with agreements that involved one last payment of tribute, at least to Tripoli. Jefferson's action on this matter caused him to rethink the need for a well-equipped navy and halted his move to reduce the force to a mere token size.

24. Evaluating Jefferson Positives Negatives
Expands the size of the United States. “Louisiana Purchase”
Keeps US out of a costly war
Preserves neutrality
Negatives
Contradicts his own interpretation of the constitution.
Weak military ( worse presdential decision)
Too concern about expanding
the country.

25. Jefferson’s Accomplishments
Author of the Declaration of Independence
Democratic-Republican
Secretary of State
3rd President of the United States
Home: MOnticello

26. Jefferson’s Legacy Expansion became prime goal
Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic government
Total defeat of Federalists by 1816
Jefferson kept the country out of a damaging European war
War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s first term.

27. Jefferson’s hand-picked successor James Madison becomes the next President
Jefferson renews friendship with friend and political rival, John Adams
Both die on July 4, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence