سید محسن هاشمی نسب و رضایی

سید محسن هاشمی نسب و رضایی
دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی دانشکده حقوق وعلوم سیاسی موضوع: تعهدات بایع ومشتری و حق فسخ واثار ان در کنوانسیون 1980 وین استاد : دکتر فیضی دانشجو: سید محسن هاشمی نسب و رضایی

فهرست 1-مقدمه 2-تعهدات بایع در عقد بیع کالا
3-تعهدات مشتری در عقد بیع کالا 4-اسباب انحلال قرارداد 5-مفهوم بطلان در کنوانسیون و مقایسه آن با حقوق ایران 6-مواردی که مشتری می تواند قرارداد را باطل اعلام کند(مقایسه تطبیقی با حقوق ایران) 7-مواردی که بایع می تواند قرارداد را باطل اعلام کند( مقایسه تطبیقی با حقوق ایران) 8- نقض اساسی قرارداد و مصادیق آن 9- عناصر تشکیل دهنده نقض اساسی 10-نقض تعهد به علت عدم تسلیم مبیع در مهلت اضافی تعیین شده توسط طرف قرارداد 11- شرایط اعمال حق فسخ 12- مهلت اعمال حق فسخ 13آثارفسخ عقد 14- پایان یافتن رابطه قراردادی 15-امکان مطالبه خسارت 16-عدم تاثیر فسخ در برخی شرایط عقد 17-استرداد عوضین{عین ومنافع 18-از بین رفتن حق فسخ در نتیجه عدم امکان استرداد 19-جران خسارت ناشی از فسخ

مقدمه مقابل است. به عبارتی شخصی که اراده خویش را بیان کرده است باید نتایج حاصل از این اقدام را نیز تحمل کند ودر صورت انحراف از مسیر تعهدات خویش باید ضمانت اجرایی در جهت رفع ضرر از طرف متضرر اندیشیده شود بر این مبنا است که کنوانسیون وین در صورت حدوث مواردی به طرفین اجازه داده است که اعلام بطلان قرارداد کنند. به همین جهت ابتداً و از باب مقدمه واجب به ذکر تعهدات طرفین قرارداد بیع پرداخته تا بدانیم چه تعهداتی بر ذمه طرفین به موجب عقد بار می شود که در صورت نقض آنها طرف مقابل حق اعلام بطلان قرارداد را دارد و سپس به بررسی معنای اصطلاحی وازه بطلان به کار رفته در کنوانسیون پرداخته تا معلوم شود که آیا بطلان به کار رفته در کنوانسیون همان بطلان به کار رفته در حقوق ایران است یا خیر؟ گسترده ترین و رایج ترین قرارداد در تجارت بین الملل، خرید و فروش یا بیع بین المللی است و سالیانه میلیارد ها دلار بین کشورها از طریق خرید و فروش مبادله می شود. به دلیل این گستردگی و اهمیت، قراردادهای بیع بین المللی جایگاه ویژه ای در حقوق تجارت بین الملل دارد و طبیعتاً اولین گام برای توسعه تجارت بین الملل، رفع موانع و تسهیل قراردادهای خرید و فروش بین المللی است. از طرفی از آنجا که در هر قراردادی در وهله اول، آنچه مهم است اعتماد طرفین به یکدیگر و اطمینان خاطر از اجرای تعهدات توسط طرف

تعهدات بایع در قرارداد بیع کالا
برخی از تعهدات اساسی بایع در ماده 30 کنوانسیون ذکر شده است که مبنای قرارداد را تشکیل می دهد. صرف نظر از این تعهدات اساسی مذکور در ماده 30 ، سایر تعهدات بایع و حتی نحوه اجرای تعهدات اصلی ، در وهله اول تابع قرارداد بین طرفین است و مقررات کنوانسیون در این زمینه جنبه تکمیلی دارد. علی الاصول تعهدات طرفین قرارداد از جمله تعهدات فروشنده در قرارداد معین می شود و طرفین می توانند هر نوع تعهدی را با توافق ایجاد کنند جز آنچه که در قانون به صراحت منع شده باشد. مفسران مبنای این اصل را ماده 6 کنوانسیون می دانند

تعهدات بایع در قرارداد بیع کالا
تعهدات بایع مطابق با کنوانسیون وین تعهدات بایع مطابق با حقوق ایران تعهدات اساسی : (ماده 30 کنوانسیون) تعهدات تکمیلی:( ماده 32 کنوانسیون ) تعهد به مطابقت کالا با قرارداد: (مواد35 تا 44 کنوانسیون) اساسی ترین تعهدی که در حقوق ایران به موجب قرارداد بر عهده بایع می باشد، عبارت است از تسلیم مبیع به همان کیفیتی که در قرارداد ذکر شده است که حسب این که مبیع به صورت عین معین یا کلی در معین یا کلی فی الذمه بر عهده بایع باشد نحوه ایفای تعهد از جانب بایع متفاوت است و همچنین ضمانت اجراهای مترتب بر نقض تعهد بایع در این زمینه.(بند 3 ماده 362 قانون مدنی)

تعهدات اساسی بایع تعریف تسلیم توابع تسلیم زمان و مکان تسلیم تسلیم کالا
1 تعریف تسلیم 2 توابع تسلیم 3 زمان و مکان تسلیم تسلیم کالا تحویل اسناد انتقال مالکیت

تسلیم کالا کنوانسیون وین
تسلیم: عبارت است از هر نوع اقدامی که به خریدار اجازه دهد که کالا را تحت تصرف و سلطه خود درآورد. از ماده 31 کنوانسیون استنباط می شود که تسلیم عبارت است از دادن مبیع به تصرف مشتری یا گذاشتن مبیع در اختیار مشتری توابع تسلیم: تعهد به تسلیم شامل تسلیم کالا ، تحویل اسناد ومدارک و تعهدات فرعی مرتبط با تسلیم است.

زمان و مکان تسلیم کنوانسیون وین
قاعده نخستین : زمان ومکان تسلیم کالا از امور مربوط به نحوه اجرای تعهد به تسلیم است. چون مطابق ماده 31 کنوانسیون، نحوه اجرای تعهد فروشنده در رابطه با تسلیم کالا در وهله اول بر طبق قرارداد معین می شود، در رابطه با زمان و مکان تسلیم کالا هم در وهله نخست باید به قرارداد رجوع کرد به علاوه صدر ماده ماده 31 در رابطه با تعیین مکان تسلیم کالا و بند الف ماده 33 در رابطه با تعیین زمان تسلیم، حاکمیت اراده را مقرر داشته اند. قواعد تکمیلی: زمان تسلیم: ابتداً طبق قرارداد و در صورت عدم تعیین باید ظرف مدت معقولی پس از انعقاد قرارداد تسلیم صورت گیرد. مکان تسلیم: ابتداً طبق قرارداد و در صورت عدم تعیین مطابق با ماده 31 کنوانسیون

بررسی تطبیقی در باب تسلیم کالا در حقوق ایران
حقوق ایران هم مفهوم گسترده از تسلیم را پذیرفته است و مواد 367 و 368 قانون مدنی به آن اشاره دارد. در این زمینه که لزوم مطابقت کالا از توابع تعهد به تسلیم است یا خیر در حقوق ایران نصی وجود ندارد و به نظر می رسد که در حقوق ایران هم لزوم مطابقت کالا با قرارداد یک تعهد مستقل است که جدای از تعهد به تسلیم می باشد. پس اگر کالای معیوبی تسلیم شود می توان گفت که تسلیم صورت گرفته است و آثار آن را به دنبال دارد ولی به عنوان تعهدی مستقل، هرگاه مبیع معیوب باشد مقررات راجع به خیار عیب یا اخذ ارش اعمال می گردد. در رابطه با زمان و مکان تسلیم نیز حقوق ایران با کنوانسیون هماهنگ است بدین معنا که در حقوق ایران نیز ابتداً اراده طرفین در تعیین زمان و مکان تسلیم مبیع حاکمیت دارد(ماده375 در رابطه با مکان تسلیم و ماده344 ق.م در رابطه با زمان تسلیم) و در صورت عدم تعیین رجوع به عرف می شود( ماده 225 ق. م)

تعهدات مشتری در قرارداد بیع کالا
در حقوق ایران کنوانسیون وین تعهدات اصلی (ماده 53) تعهدات فرعی: اصل حاکمیت اراده در تعیین آنها جاری است و طرفین می توانند با توافق هر نوع تعهدی را برای خریدار معین کنند و هم چنین عرف و عادت و مقررات کنوانسیون(رفع خلا ناشی از عدم توافق یا وجود عرف) در حقوق ایران بند 4 ماده 362 ق. م مقرر کرده که عقد بیع مشتری را به تادیه ثمن ملزم می کند ولی در هیچ یک از مواد قانون مدنی به صراحت بیان نشده که مشتری ملزم به قبض مبیع است اما به طور ضمنی ، تعهد مشتری به قبض مبیع را از ماده 387ق.م می توان استنباط نمود. در این ماده بیان شده هرگاه فروشنده برای تسلیم مبیع به حاکم یا قائم مقام او رجوع نموده باشد، تلف مبیع همانند تلف بعد از قبض بوده و از مال مشتری است. تعهدات اصلی قبض مبیع پرداخت ثمن(م 59)

اسباب انحلال قرارداد اسباب انحلال بطلان قرارداد انحلال به تراضی
انحلال ارادی انحلال قهری قبل از پاسخ به این سوال که در چه مواردی احد متعاملین می توانند به علت نقض تعهد طرف دیگر، قرارداد را خاتمه دهد(طبق کنوانسیون وین)، باید اسباب انحلال قرارداد را شناخت. در انحلال قرارداد، سببی، عقد موجود را برهم می زند و حکم دادگاه اگر نیازی به وجود آن احساس شود،ناظر به حدوث همین سبب است

اسباب انحلال قرارداد حکومت بر رابطه دو طرف قراردادی نافذ
گسیخته شدن پیمان زوال قرارداد در هر انحلال دو مرحله ممتاز وجود دارد 1- از آغاز تراضی تا زمان وقوع سبب انحلال 2- از لحظه تحقق سبب انحلال

انحلال قرارداد انحلال به تراضی: تفاسخ یا اقاله
انحلال ارادی: به تصمیم یکی از دو طرف انجام می شود. فسخ انحلال قهری: خود به خود انجام می شود و اراده طرفین در آن دخالت ندارد زمانی از انحلال قرارداد سخن گفته می شود که عقد بر حسب مفاد خود جایی برای اجرا داشته ولی سبب ویژه آن را بی اثر می کند. اسباب انحلال

مفهوم بطلان در کنوانسیون و مقایسه آن با حقوق ایران
قرارداد باطل 1 صورتی بی معنا است که از آغاز نیز نفوذ و اعتباری نداشته است 2 هیچ اثر حقوقی ایجاد نمی کند(اثر مثبت) ونیاز به کاری جهت زوال قرارداد ندارد با توجه به شناخت اسباب انحلال حال سوال این است که این که در ماده 49 کنوانسیون به مشتری و در ماده 64 به بایع این اختیار داده شده است که قرارداد را باطل اعلام نمایند، این بطلان به چه معنا است؟ آیا مفهومی جداگانه است یا داخل در یکی از اسباب انحلال است؟ آیا مفهوم این بطلان، همان چیزی است که در حقوق ایران از آن به عنوان بطلان قرارداد در مواردی از آن یاد می شود؟

بطلان در کنوانسیون وین و حقوق ایران
بطلان در حقوق ایران بطلان به کار رفته در کنوانسیون در مواد 49 و 64 را نمی توان به معنای بطلانی که در حقوق ایران رایج است ، دانست. چه این که اختیار خاتمه دادن به قرارداد که در این مواد به طرفین داده شده است به علت حدوث سببی است و از تاریخ حدوث این سبب است که طرف دیگر اختیار خاتمه دادن به قرارداد را دارد در حالی که قرارداد از ابتدا به طور صحیح واقع شده است. پس می توان آن را از این جهت که به اراده یکی از دو طرف انجام می شود، فسخ نامید. البطلان کالعدم، در حقوق ایران قرارداد باطل از ابتدا شکل نگرفته است واز ابتدا قراردادی به وجود نیامده است صحیحاً که جهت زوال آن نیاز به عملی باشد مثلاً یکی از طرفین اهلیت نداشته باشد عدم رعایت ماده 190 ق. م ایجاد اثر جنبی علی رغم عدم ایجاد اثر مورد انتظار طرفین: در حکم غاصب بودن طرفین

موارد فسخ قرارداد مطابق کنوانسیون وین
فسخ از طرف بایع(ماده 64) فسخ از طرف مشتری( ماده 49) مواردی که نقض تعهد از ناحیه خریدار، نقض اساسی تلقی شود( (الف)(1)م 64) فروشنده برای اجرای تعهد به خریدار مهلت معقولی اعطا کند و او در آن مهلت به تعهد خود عمل نکند( (ب)(1)م 64) وقتی که عدم ایفای تعهد فروشنده نقض اساسی قرارداد تلقی شود(بند الف (1)ماده 49) در مورد عدم تسلیم مبیع، مشتری یک مهلت اضافی به فروشنده بدهد واو در آن مهلت کالا را تسلیم وی نکند و یا اعلام نماید که ظرف مهلت مقرر آن را تسلیم نخواهد کرد.(بند ب(1)م 49)

موارد فسخ قرارداد مطابق کنوانسیون وین
فسخ از جانب بایع(2) م 64) فسخ از طرف مشتری((2) م 49) الف: تاخیر در ایفای تعهد از طرف مشتری ب: نقض هر یک از تعهدات غیر از تاخیر در ایفای تعهد بند 1 ماده 73 در باب تسلیم کالا به نحو اقساط الف: تاخیر در تسلیم( وحدت مطلوب) ب: نقض هر یک از تعهدات غیر از تاخیر در تسلیم بند 2 ماده 51 کنوانسیون در باب قصور در تسلیم بند 1 ماده 73 در باب تسلیم کالا به نحو اقساط

Fundamental Breach(نقض اساسی قرارداد)
در واقع کنوانسیون جهت تحقق نقض اساسی هر دو معیار شخصی و نوعی را لازم دانسته است ماده 25 کنوانسیون: هنگامی نقض،اساسی تلقی می شود که منجر به ورود چنان خسارتی به طرف دیگر شود که آن را از آنچه استحقاق انتظار آن را به موجب قرارداد داشته است اساساً محروم کند مگر اینکه طرفی که مبادرت به نقض قرارداد کرده، چنین نتیجه ای را پیش بینی نمی کرده و یک فرد متعارف همانند او نیز در اوضاع واحوالی مشابه نمی توانسته آن امر را پیش بینی کند معیار شخصی معیار نوعی نقض اساسی

Criteria معیارها معیار شخصی: از این حیث که قرارداد فی مابین هم باید با توجه به شروط صریح و ضمنی آن مورد توجه قرار گیرد آنچه حاکی از قصد و اراده مشترک وانتظارات آنها از قرارداد است معیار نوعی: از این جهت که برای ورود خسارت، محرومیت طرف مقابل از منافعی را مدنظر قرار می دهد که هر شخص متعارف حق دارد از چنین قراردادی داشته باشد

عناصر تشکیل دهنده نقض اساسی
قابلیت پیش بینی خسارات وارده ورود خسارت اساسی به منافع عمده مورد انتظار طرف مقابل از قرارداد مفهوم پیش بینی ضرر: قابلیت پیش بینی ضرر بستگی به کلیه اوضاع و احوال مربوط به موضوع و اطلاعات وی دارد. زمان پیش بینی ضرر: کنوانسیون لاهه1964(م 10) زمان انعقاد قرارداد را به عنوان مبنا پذیرفته است اما کنوانسیون وین سکوت اختیار کرده است اما می توان زمان ارتکاب نقض را به عنوان مبنا پذیرفت ماده 25 کنوانسیون: به موجب قرارداد: مبین لزوم مراجعه به شروط صریح یا ضمنی قرارداد استحقاق: انتظاراتی که طرف مقابل حق دارد از قرارداد داشته باشد ارجاع به انتظارات ناشی از قرارداد: در واقع به نوعی تحدید دامنه تحقق نقض اساسی و در نتیجه حق فسخ تلقی می شود

نقض اساسی قرارداد بار اثبات نقض با کیست دلایل پذیرش زمان ارتکاب نقض 1
برابر صدر ماده 25، اصل بر این است که ورود خسارت به منافع عمده مورد انتظار طرف مقابل از قرارداد، نقض اساسی و موجب ایجاد حق فسخ است. اثبات خلاف آن از مجرای غیر قابل پیش بینی بودن آثار ناشی از نقض با کسی است که خلاف اصل را ادعا می کند آنچه زیان دیده باید اثبات کند این است که نقض انجام شده و این نقض به منافع عمده مورد انتظار وی خلل جدی وارد کرده است. 1 در لحظه انعقاد طرفین بیشتر به اجرای قرارداد می اندیشند تا نقض آن 2 سکوت کنوانسیون حاکی از عدم پذیرش مبنای کنوانسیون لاهه است 3 منافات داشتن با اصل حسن نیت مندرج در ماده 7 کنوانسیون

مصادیق نقض اساسی قرارداد
تسلیم کالای غیر منطبق غیرممکن شدن تسلیم مبیع امتناع از انجام تعهدتسلیم عدم تسلیم مبیع یا تاخیر در تسلیم

مصادیق نقض اساسی قرارداد
3-غیرممکن تسلیم مبی شدن ع 4-تسلیم کالای غیر منطبق(ماده (الف)(1)49) الف: مشتری عدم مطابقت را به فروشنده ابلاغ نموده باشد(ماده 39 کنوانسیون) ب: رد مبیع به فروشنده ممکن نباشد(ماده(1)82کنوانسیون) 1- عدم تسلیم مبیع یا تاخیر در آن: عدم تسلیم مبیع به طور مطلق نقض اساسی است اما تاخیر در تسلیم وقتی نقض اساسی است که زمان تسلیم مبیع برای خریدار حیاتی بوده و تسلیم بعد از آن تاریخ برای او فایده ای نداشته باشد(وحدت مطلوب) 2-امتناع از انجام تعهد تسلیم: تاخیر در تسلیم + احراز قصد عدم انجام تعهد( ماده(ب)(1)49)

عدم تسلیم مبیع در مهلت اضافی که ازطرف مشتری تعیین شده است
در واقع اعطای مهلت اضافی ، سیاست کنوانسیون در جهت حفظ قرارداد و محدود نمودن موارد فسخ بوده است. در این فرض لازم نیست عدم تسلیم کالا، نقض اساسی تلقی شود و در واقع با این قاعده حق فسخ به موارد نقض غیر اساسی گسترش یافته است پس اعطای مهلت اضافی در صورتی حق فسخ ایجاد می کند که تعهد به تسلیم مبیع اجرا نشده باشد.

شرایط اعمال حق فسخ توسط مشتری
1 یکی از موجبات حق فسخ که در کنوانسیون پیش بینی شده است وجود داشته باشد مشتری حق فسخ را به فروشنده اعلام کند(ماده 26 کنوانسیون) 2 مشتری در مهلت معقولی حق فسخ خود را اعمال کند( بند 2 ماده49) 3 اگر مشتری مبیع را تحویل گرفته، قادر به رد مبیع به فروشنده در همان وضعیتی که آن را دریافت داشته است، باشد(بند 1 ماده 82)

مهلت اعمال حق فسخ بر حسب این که سبب حق فسخ چه باشد این مهلت متفاوت است. 1- نقض تعهد تسلیم مبیع مدت معقولی بعد از اطلاع از تحویل کالا (تاخیر در تسلیم) 2- فروشنده می تواند مطابق ماده 48 کنوانسیون از خریدار بخواهد که موضع خود را روشن کند یعنی اگر مطمئن نیست که مشتری تحویل با تاخیر کالا را می پذیرد یا خیر، می تواند اخطاری مبنی بر تعیین تکلیف به مشتری بدهد و عدم پاسخ وی را به منزله پذیرش با تاخیر تلقی کند( بند های 2و 3ماده 48 کنوانسیون) (الف)(2)م 49

مهلت اعمال حق فسخ نقض سایر تعهدات:
1-تا مدت معقولی پس از آگاهی یافتن از نقض 2- در صورتی که مشتری برای رفع نقص به فروشنده مهلت اضافی داده است(بند 1 ماده7): از تاریخ انقضای آن مهلت یا از تاریخی که فروشنده اعلام می کند که قصد رفع نقص ندارد تا مدت معقول 3-در صورتی که مطابق بند 2 ماده 48 کنوانسیون فروشنده برای انجام تعهد خود، مهلتی را معین کند و این مهلت منقضی شود ویا مشتری اعلام کند ایفای تعهد را قبول نخواهد کرد: تا مدت معقول از زمان انقضاء مهلت یا اعلام مشتری

حق فسخ بایع ماده 64 کنوانسیون 1- نقض اساسی تعهد از جانب مشتری ((الف)(1)ماده 64) 2- فروشنده برای اجرای تعهد به خریدار مهلت معقول اعطا کند(ماده63)و او در آن مدت به تعهد خود عمل نکند((ب)(1)64)

شرایط اعمال فسخ از جانب بایع
وجود یکی از موارد فسخ مطابق ماده 64 کنوانسیون اعمال فسخ توسط فروشنده از طریق اخطار موضوع ماده 26کنوانسیون رعایت مهلت های مندرج در بند2 ماده 64 کنوانسیون برای اعمال فسخ

مهلت اعمال فسخ از جانب بایع
بند 2 ماده 64 کنوانسیون ، محدودیت های زمانی برای اعلام فسخ قرارداد پیش بینی نموده که بسیار پیچیده است. آنچه مسلم است تا زمانی که خریدار به طور کامل ثمن را پرداخت نکرده باشد، فروشنده حق فسخ دارد بنابراین اگر پرداخت ثمن به صورت اقساط باشد تا پرداخت تمام اقساط آن، فروشنده حق فسخ را از دست نمی دهد. راجع به سایر شرایط از دست رفتن حق فسخ باید بین موارد مختلف بر حسب این که خریدار ثمن را پرداخته است یا نه تفکیک قائل شد. رجوع به ماده (الف)(2) 64 و قسمت (ب)(1) همان ماده

آثار فسخ ماده81 آثار فسخ به طور کلی ماده 82الی 84 استثنائات
3-D tiles with texture (Intermediate) On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. To reproduce the first rectangle on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 2.22”. Right-click the rectangle and select Edit Text. Enter 1, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font list select Calibri, and in the Font Size box enter 100 pt. In the Shape Width box, enter 2.68”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, in the bottom right corner, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Text Fill in the left pane. In the Text Fill pane, select Solid fill, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Tan, Background 2, Darker 25% (third row, third option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. Select Picture or texture fill in the Fill pane, click the button next to Texture, and then click Recycled Paper (third row, fourth option from the left). Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane, under Presets , under Inner, click Inside Diagonal Top Left (first row, first option from the left). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer click Offset Diagonal Bottom Right (first row, first option from the left). Also in the same dialog box (now the Format Picture dialog box), click Line Color in the left pane, and then in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, select Angle (second row, first option from the left). Under Bevel, in the Bottom list, select Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 6 pt, and in the Height box, enter 6 pt. Next to Bottom, in the Width box, enter 6 pt, and in the Height box, enter 6 pt. Under Surface, in the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Soft (first row, third option from the left), and in the Angle box, enter 280°. Under Surface, in the Material list, under Standard, select Warm Matte (second option from the left). Under Depth, in the Depth box, enter 4.5 pt. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click 3-D Rotation in the left pane. In the 3-D Rotation pane, in the Presets list, under Perspective, select Perspective Above (second row, first option from the left), and then do the following: In the Perspective box, enter 60°. In the Y box, enter 300°. Drag the rectangle to the left side of the slide. Select the text in the second rectangle, and enter 2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the arrow next to Font Color and then under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste and select Duplicate. To reproduce the other rectangles on this slide, do the following: Select the second rectangle. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane select Picture or texture fill. In the Texture list select Granite (third row, second option from the left). Also in the same dialog box (now the Format Picture dialog box), click 3-D Rotation in the left pane, and in the 3-D Rotation pane, in the Presets list, under Perspective select Perspective Contrasting Right (third row, first option from the left). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane, in the Presets list, under Perspective, select Perspective Diagonal Upper Left (first row, first option from the left). Drag the second rectangle to the center of the slide. Select the text in the third rectangle and enter 3. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 50% (sixth row, first option from the left). Select the first rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow below Paste and select Duplicate. Select the third rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: With the third rectangle still selected, on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane select Picture or texture fill. In the Texture list select White Marble (second row, fifth option from the left). In the Shape Width box, enter 3.26”. In the Shape Height box, enter 3.0”. Also in the same dialog box (now the Format Picture dialog box), click 3-D Rotation in the left pane, and in the 3-D Rotation pane, under Rotation, do the following: In the X box, enter 63.7°. In the Perspective box, enter 90°. In the Z box, enter 289.4°. In the Y box, enter 319.3°. Drag the third rectangle to the right side of the slide. Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. In the Direction list, click Linear Up (second row, second option from the left). Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Click the button next to Color, and then click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 162, Green: 152, Blue: 138. In the Stop position box, enter 0%. Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 54%. Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 15% (fifth row, second option from the left).

آثار فسخ عقد بیع استرداد عوضین پایان یافتن رابطه قراردادی
3-D block with texture and engraved text (Advanced) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 3”. In the Shape Width box, enter 3”. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then select Picture or texture fill. Click the button next to Texture, and then click Oak (fifth row, third option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and then select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Rotation in the left pane, and then do the following: Click the button next to Presets, and then under Perspective click Perspective Left (first row, second option from the left). In the X box, enter 40°. In the Y box, enter 10°. In the Perspective box, enter 20°. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Click the button next to Bottom, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Under Depth, in the Depth box, enter 200 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Warm Matte (second option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Soft (first row, third option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 270°. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the right pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Perspective click Perspective Diagonal Upper Right (first row, second option from the left). To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the slide, right-click the rounded rectangle, click Edit Text, then enter text. Select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Arial Rounded MT Bold from the Font list, and then select 36 from the Font Size list. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the WordArt Styles group, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Text Fill in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text within the rectangle. Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 130, Green: 101, and Blue: 58. Select Solid fill. In the Distance box, enter 5 pt. In the Transparency box, enter 25%. Click the button next to Presets, and then under Inner click Inside Diagonal Top Left (first row, first option from the left). Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until four stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: In the Stop position box, enter 0%. Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 196, Green: 178, and Blue: 152. In the Stop position box, enter 45%. Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Tan, Background 2, Darker 90% (sixth row, third option from the left). In the Stop position box, enter 72%. Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 66, Green: 62, and Blue: 50. In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Select Stop 4 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 149, Green: 128, and Blue: 107. آثار فسخ عقد بیع

بند اول ماده 81 : فسخ قرار داد هر دو طرف را از وظايف مربوطه ، مشروط به
پرداخت هر گونه خساراتي كه قابل مطالبه باشند خلاص مي نمايد. Custom animation effects: open book (Difficult) Tip: You will need to use drawing guides and the ruler to position the objects on this slide. To display the drawing guides and the ruler, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide background area, and then click Grid and Guides. In the Grid and Guides dialog box, under Guide settings, select Display drawing guides on screen. (Note: One horizontal and one vertical guide will display on the slide at 0.00, the default position. The spine of the book will be aligned to the vertical drawing guide.) On the View tab, in the Show/Hide group, select Ruler. To reproduce the first shape in the Book cover group on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rounded Rectangle (second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rounded rectangle. Select the rounded rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 4.5”. In the Shape Width box, enter 3.33”. On the rounded rectangle, drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle to the left to decrease the amount of rounding on the corners. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 0°. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 50% (sixth row, sixth option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then in the 3-D Format pane, do the following: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 4 pt, and in the Height box, enter 4 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Warm Matte (second option from the left). Also under Surface, click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral, click Three Point (first row, first option from the left). On the slide, drag the rounded rectangle until the left edge is against the vertical drawing guide. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the second shape in the Book cover group on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. On the slide, drag the duplicate rectangle until the left edge is against the vertical drawing guide. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 0.73”. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Left (first row, fifth option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 180°. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 50%. In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane. In the 3-D Format pane, under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under No Bevel click None. To reproduce the third shape (first small rectangle on the book spine) in the Book cover group on this slide, do the following: Select the first, larger rectangle on the slide. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Select the third, duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 0.08”. In the Shape Width box, enter 0.73”. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Diagonal (first row, third option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 135°. Under Bevel, next to Top, in the Width box, enter 3 pt, and in the Height box, enter 3 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Soft (first row, third option from the left). To reproduce the rest of the shapes (other small rectangles on the book spine) in the Book cover group on this slide, do the following: Select the third, smaller rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this process for a total of four thin, rounded rectangles. To position the four thin, rounded rectangles on the book spine, do the following: Drag the first rectangle 1.75” above the horizontal drawing guide, with the left edge touching the vertical drawing guide. Drag the second rectangle 0.75” above the horizontal drawing guide, with the left edge touching the vertical drawing guide. Drag the third rectangle 0.75” below the horizontal drawing guide, with the left edge touching the vertical drawing guide. Drag the fourth rectangle 1.75” below the horizontal drawing guide, with the left edge touching the vertical drawing guide. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Select All. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Group. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. On the Selection and Visibility pane, double-click the group to edit the name, and then enter Book cover. To reproduce the first shape in the Inside-left pages group on this slide, do the following: Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left). On the slide, drag the rectangle until the right edge is against the vertical guideline. On the Home, tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: To reproduce the second shape in the Inside-left pages group on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. In the Shape Height box, enter 4.33”. In the Shape Width box, enter 3.15”. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until five stops appear in the drop-down list. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left). In the Stop position box, enter 5%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 18%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 5% (second row, first option from the left). Select Stop 4 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 38%. Select Stop 5 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 93%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Outer click Offset Right (second row, first option from the left), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 60%. In the Size box, enter 100%. In the Blur box, enter 4 pt. In the Distance box, enter 3 pt. On the slide, drag the rectangle until the right edge touches the vertical drawing guide. Press and hold CTRL, and then in the Selection and Visibility pane, select the rectangle and the rounded rectangle to the left of the vertical drawing guide. In the Selection and Visibility pane, double-click the new group to edit the name, and then enter Inside-left pages. To reproduce the first shape in the Inside-right pages with text group, do the following: In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Inside-left pages group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Rotate, and then click More Rotation Options. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, under Size and rotation, in the Rotation box, enter 180°. In the Selection and Visibility pane, double-click the new group to edit the name, and then enter Inside-right pages. On the slide, drag the rectangle until the left edge is against the vertical drawing guide. To reproduce the text effects in the Inside-right pages with text group, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. (Note: To reproduce the example above, enter Introduction.) On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Vivaldi. In the Font Size list, select 18. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text in the text box. On the slide, drag the text box until the left edge of the text is 1” to the right of the vertical drawing guide and the bottom edge of the text is 0.5” above the horizontal drawing guide. To reproduce the page edges in the Inside-right pages with text group, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 4.32”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this process for a total of six lines. On the slide, drag the six lines until they are bunched together in a dense group, no wider than 0.5”. In the Selection and Visibility pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select all six straight connectors (lines). Point to Align, and then click Align Selected Objects. Point to Align, and then click Distribute Horizontally. Point to Align, and then click Align Middle. Click Group. On the slide, drag the group of lines until the right edge of the group of lines is touching the right edge of the white rectangle to the right of the vertical drawing guide. In the Selection and Visibility pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the group of lines, the text box, and the Inside-right pages group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow under Arrange, and then click Group. In the Selection and Visibility pane, double-click the new group to edit the name, and then enter Inside-right pages with text. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Book cover group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Bring to Front. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Inside-left pages group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Bring Forward. On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Book cover group. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Exit, and then click More Effects. In the Add Exit Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Collapse. Select the animation effect, and then under Modify: Collapse, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select To Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Inside-left pages group. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Stretch. Select the second animation effect, and then under Modify: Stretch, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). In the Stop position box, enter 63%. Click the button next to Color list, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left).

از این ماده سه نتیجه حاصل می شود : 1-پایان یافتن رابطه قراردادی
2-امکان مطالبه خسارت در صورت فسخ 3-عدم امکان تاثیر فسخ در بعضی شرایط فسخ بر دو دسته از شرایط تاثیری ندارد : 1- شروط و قیود مربوط به حل و فصل دعاوی 2- شروط و قیودی که بیانگر آثار و عواقب عدم ایفای تعهد است . اگر قرارداد به علت غیر ممکن بودن انجام تعهد فسخ شود ، فسخ مانع از مطالبه خسارت خواهد بود . Custom animation effects: motion paths with auto-reverse, varying speeds (Advanced) On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, select Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw the first rectangle. In the Shape Height box, enter 0.86”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Solid fill, and then do the following: In the Shape Width box, enter 10.5”. Click the button next to Color, and click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 86, Green: 113, Blue: 118. In the Transparency box, enter 40%. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane, click No line. Select the duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, select Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Red, Accent 2, Darker 50% (sixth row, sixth option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 40%. In the Shape Width box, enter 4.96”. Press and hold SHIFT and select both rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. Click Align to Slide. Select the second rectangle (smaller, red). On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. (Note: For this animation effect, the first (largest, blue) rectangle remains stationary on the slide.) To reproduce the animation effects for the second rectangle on this slide, do the following: On the slide, select motion path endpoint (red arrow), and drag the end of the path beyond the right edge of the slide. Select the motion path starting point (green arrow), and drag the starting point of the path beyond the left edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, click Add Effect, point to Motion Paths, and then click Right. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow next to the motion path animation effect, and click Effect Options. In the Right dialog box, do the following: In the Custom Animation task pane, click the motion path animation effect, and then under Modify: Right, in the Start list, select With Previous. On the Timing tab, in the Speed box, enter 3.55 seconds, and then in the Repeat list, select Until End of Slide. On the Effect tab, under Settings, select Auto-Reverse. To reproduce the animation effects for the third rectangle on this slide, do the following: Select the second (small, red) rectangle. Select the third rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, click Duplicate, and then drag the new rectangle (along with the new motion path) above the other rectangles. Repeat this step three more times until there is a total of six rectangles (including the original two). In the Shape Width box, enter 3.16”. Click the button next to Color, and then click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 79, Green: 129, Blue: 189. On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. In the Custom Animation task pane, click the third rectangle motion path animation effect, and then under Modify: Right, in the Start list, select With Previous. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow next to the third rectangle motion path animation effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Effect Options dialog box, do the following: On the Timing tab, in the Repeat list, select Until End of Slide, and in the Speed box, enter 3.1 seconds. On the slide, position the third rectangle on the first (and longest) rectangle, lining up the top and bottom edges. Select the fourth rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: To reproduce the animation effects for the fourth rectangle on this slide, do the following: Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Solid fill, and then do the following: In the Shape Width box, enter 1.68”. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Olive Green, Accent 3, Darker 50% (sixth row, seventh option from the left). On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. In the Custom Animation task pane, select the fourth rectangle motion path animation effect, and under Modify: Right, in the Start box, select With Previous. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow next to the fourth rectangle motion path animation effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Effect Options dialog box, do the following: On the Timing tab, in the Repeat list, select Until End of Slide, and in the Speed box, enter 3.95 seconds. On the slide, position the fourth rectangle on the first (and longest) rectangle, lining up the top and bottom edges. Select the fifth rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: To reproduce the animation effects for the fifth rectangle on this slide, do the following: In the Shape Width box, enter 1.5”. Click the button next to Color, and then click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 127, Green: 140, Blue: 60. On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. In the Custom Animation task pane, select the fifth rectangle motion path animation effect, and then under Modify: Right, in the Start list, select With Previous. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow next to the fifth rectangle motion path animation effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Effect Options dialog box, do the following: On the Timing tab, in the Repeat list, select Until End of Slide, and in the Speed box, enter 5.3 seconds. On the slide, position the fifth rectangle on the first (and longest) rectangle, lining up the top and bottom edges. Select the sixth rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: To reproduce the animation effects for the sixth rectangle on this slide, do the following: In the Shape Width box, enter 0.98”. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Olive Green, Accent 3, Darker 25% (fifth row, seventh option from the left). On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. In the Custom Animation task pane, select the sixth rectangle motion path animation effect, and under Modify: Right, in the Start box, select With Previous. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow next to the sixth rectangle motion path animation effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Effect Options dialog box, do the following: On the Timing tab, in the Repeat list, select Until End of Slide, and in the Speed box, enter 4.2 seconds. On the slide, position the sixth rectangle on the first (and longest) rectangle, lining up the top and bottom edges. Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left). In the Type list, select Radial. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). بنابر این فروشنده اجازه ندارد تقاضای پرداخت ثمن را بنماید و خریدار هم حق تقاضای تسلیم مبیع را ندارد .

عقد از چه زمانی منحل می شود ؟ از زمان انعقاد از زمان فسخ
Custom animation effects: curve up and grow (Intermediate) On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rounded Diagonal Corner Rectangle (ninth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rounded rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. To reproduce the first rectangle on this slide, do the following: Drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle to the left to reduce the size of the corner radius. Select the rounded rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and select No Fill. In the Shape Width box, enter 2.32”. In the Shape Height box, enter 2.33”. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shape Effects, point to Reflection, under Reflection Variations, select Tight Reflection, touching (first row, first option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Style. In the Line Style pane, do the following: In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane select Solid Line. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 137, Green: 227, Blue: 231. Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, in the left pane, click 3-D Format. In the 3-D Format pane, do the following: In the Cap type list, select Round. In the Width box, enter 10 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Matte (first row, first option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Soft (first row, third option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 315°. Under Contour, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Olive Green, Accent 3, Lighter 60% (third row, seventh option from the left). Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 10 pt, and in the Height box, enter 10 pt. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text. Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gills Sans MT Condensed from the Font list, and select 28 from the Font Size list. Right-click the rounded rectangle, and then click Edit Text. On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. To reproduce the animation effects for the first rectangle on this slide, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Exciting, click Curve Up. On the slide, select the round diagonal corner rectangle. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the animation effect (curve-up effect for the rectangle), and under Modify Curve Up, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Speed list, select Fast. Select the second animation effect (grow/shrink effect for the rectangle). Click the arrow next to the selected effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Grow/Shrink. In the Size list, in the Custom box, enter 5, and then press ENTER. Also in the Size list, select Vertical. On the Effect tab, do the following: Select Auto-reverse. On the Timing tab, do the following: In the Speed list, select Very Fast. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the second rounded rectangle next to the first rounded rectangle. Repeat this process one more time for a total of three rectangles. On the slide, select the rounded rectangle. To reproduce the second and third rectangle on this slide with animation effects, do the following: In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Press and hold CTRL, and then select the third and fourth animation effects (curve up effect and grow/shrink effect for the second rectangle). Click the arrow next to one of the selected effects, and then click Timing. In the Effect Options dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 0.5. Press and hold CTRL, and then select the fifth and sixth animation effects (curve up effect and grow/shrink effect for the third rectangle). Click the arrow next to one of the selected effects, and then click Timing. In the Effect Options dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 1. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 1.62”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Shape Width box, enter 10”. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 137, Green: 227, Blue: 231. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Solid fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Color, and in the Line Color pane, select No line. In the Transparency box, enter 70%. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Round Diagonal Corner Rectangle (ninth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Drag the rectangle into the middle of the slide. Select the round diagonal corner rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Solid fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Shape Width box enter 0.44”. In the Shape Height box enter 0.44”. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 5% (second row, first option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 60%. On the slide, press and hold CTRL and select the seven round diagonal corner rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and do the following: Select the round diagonal corner rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this process until there is a total of seven round diagonal corner rectangles. Click Distribute Horizontally. Click Align Top. Click Align Selected Objects. Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Diagonal (second row, third option from the left). In the Type list, select Linear. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Click the button next to Color, and then click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Stop position box, enter 50%. Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 204, Green: 244, Blue: 248.

جبران خسارات ناشی از فسخ
استرداد عوضین استرداد عین استرداد منافع از بین رفتن حق فسخ در نتیجه عدم امکان استرداد جبران خسارات ناشی از فسخ دومین اثر فسخ عقد بیع Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box, enter 30 pt. SmartArt custom animation effects: basic radial Press and hold SHIFT, and then on the left circle, drag a corner adjustment handle toward the center to decrease the size. (Intermediate) On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, enter 40, and then click Bold. To reproduce the SmartArt on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Drag the top circle slightly toward the bottom of the slide. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Relationship. In the Relationship pane, click Basic Radial (sixth row, second option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide. To reproduce the line effects on this slide, do the following: Press and hold CTRL, and then select each of the four lines connecting the circles in the SmartArt graphic. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, select Gradient line in the Line Color pane, and then do the following: On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, in the top level bullet, enter the text for the center circle of the graphic. In the second-level bullets, enter the text for all the other shapes in the SmartArt graphic. In the Type list, select Linear. In the Direction list, select Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left). With the SmartArt graphic still selected, on the Design tab, in the Themes group, click Colors, and then select Median. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 5”. In the Stop position box, enter 0%. In the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click SmartArt Styles, and then under Best Match for Document select Intense Effect (fifth option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Stop position box, enter 100%. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane, under Surface, do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane, and in the Line Style pane do the following: In the Material list, under Special Effect, select Soft Edge (first row, second option from the left). In the Width box, enter 3.5 pt. In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Harsh (first row, fourth option from the left). In the Dash type list, select Round Dot (second option from the top). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Press and hold CTRL, and select all five shapes in the SmartArt graphic. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, in the Presets list, under Outer select Offset Bottom (first row, second option from the left), and then do the following: To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animation tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then in the Custom Animation task pane, to the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Zoom. In the Transparency box, enter 65%. In the Size box, enter 103%. In the Blur box, enter 9 pt. In the Angle box, enter 90°. Click the arrow to the right of the zoom entrance effect, and then select Effect Options. In the Zoom dialog box, do the following: In the Distance box, enter 3 pt. To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following: On the Effect tab, in the Zoom list, select In from Screen Center. On the slide, select the center circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: On the Timing tab, in the Speed list, select 1 seconds (Fast). On the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group graphic list, select From center one by one. Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, first option from the left). In the Custom Animation task pane, expand the contents of the list by clicking the double arrow under the zoom entrance effect, and then do the following: Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box, enter 24 pt. Select the first effect (zoom entrance effect), and under Modify: Zoom, in the Start list, select With Previous. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box, enter 12 pt. Select the second effect (zoom entrance effect), click Change, point to Entrance, and then select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, select Wipe. On the slide, select the top circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click the arrow to the right of the second effect (now wipe effect) and select Effect Options, and then in the Wipe dialog box do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 2 (first row, sixth option from the left). On the Effect tab, in the Direction list, select From Bottom. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: On the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 0.5. On the Timing tab, in the Speed list, select 0.5 seconds (Very Fast). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box, enter 20 pt. Select the fourth effect (zoom entrance effect), click Change, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, select Wipe. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box, enter 15 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and then on the top circle, drag a corner adjustment handle toward the center to decrease the size. Click the arrow to the right of the fourth effect (now wipe effect) and select Effect Options, and then in the Wipe dialog box, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, enter 20. Drag the top circle approximately 0.5” to the right. On the Effect tab, in the Direction list, select From Left. Select the right circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Select the sixth effect (zoom entrance effect), click Change, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, select Wipe. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Gold, Accent 4 (first row, eighth option from the left). Click the arrow to the right of the sixth effect (now wipe effect) and select Effect Options, and then in the Wipe dialog box, do the following: Press and hold SHIFT, and then on the right circle, drag a corner adjustment handle toward the center to decrease the size. Select the eighth effect (zoom entrance effect), click Change, point to Entrance, and then select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, select Wipe. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, enter 28 pt. Drag the right circle slightly toward the right corner of the slide. One the slide, select the bottom circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click the arrow to the right of the eighth effect (now wipe effect) and select Effect Options, and then in the Wipe dialog box, do the following: On the Effect tab, in the Direction list, select From Right. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Green, Accent 5 (first row, ninth option from the left) Under Bevel, in the Top list, select Circle (first row, first option from the left). To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and then on the bottom circle, drag a corner adjustment handle away from the center to increase the size. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction, list click From Center (third option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, enter 28. On the slide, select the left circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 35% (third row, second option from the left). In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, seventh option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box, enter 30 pt.

استرداد عین بند دو ماده 81 :
طرفی که تمام یا بخشی از قرارداد را اجرا کرده ، می تواند تقاضای استرداد آن چیزی که وی به موجب قرارداد تحویل داده یا تادیه کرده بنماید . چنانچه هر دو طرف ملزم به اعاده باشند آنها باید این کار را همزمان انجام دهند . ماده 81

از بین رفتن حق فسخ در نتیجة عدم امکان استرداد
ماده 82 کنوانسیون مواردی را ذکر می‎نماید که امکان استرداد کالا به همان وضعیتی که دریافت شده است وجود ندارد. در این صورت اصل کلی این است که امکان فسخ قرارداد وجود ندارد. اما همین اصل دارای 3 استثناء است : 1- چنانچه عدم امکان استرداد کالا، یا عدم امکان اعاده آن عمدتاً با همان وضعیتی که خریدار آنها را دریافت کرده، ناشی از فعل یا ترک فعل وی نباشد . 2- چنانچه تمام یا بخشی از کالا بر اثر بازرسی و آزمایش موضوع مادة 38 از بین رفته یا فاسد شده باشد . 3- چنانچه تمام یا بخشی از کالا، پیش از اینکه خریدار عدم انطباق کالا را کشف نماید ، در جریان عادی تجاری توسط وی فروخته یا مصرف شده یا تغییر شکل یافته باشد از بین رفتن حق فسخ در نتیجة عدم امکان استرداد SmartArt custom animation effects: expand and peek in (Basic) On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Matrix. In the Matrix pane, click Titled Matrix (second option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide. On the slide, select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, do the following: Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text. Click More, and then under Best Match for Document click Moderate Effect (fourth option from the left). Click Change Colors, and then under Colorful click Colorful - Accent Colors (first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Calibri from the Font list, and then select 24 from the Font Size list. Right-click the rounded rectangle in the center of the graphic, and then click Format Shape. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select 28 from the Font Size list, click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the slide, select the text in the center rounded rectangle of the graphic. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Up (second row, second option from the left). In the Type list, select Linear. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until three stops appear in the drop-down list. Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left). In the Stop position box, enter 0%. In the Stop position box, enter 80%. Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the slide, select the graphic. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: Also in the Custom Animation task pane, select the expand effect. Click the arrow to the right of the expand effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Expand dialog box, on the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one. Under Modify: Expand, in the Speed list, select Fast. Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, click Expand. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the double arrow under the expand effect to expand the contents of the list of effects. Press and hold CTRL, and then select all five expand effects in the Custom Animation pane. Under Modify: Expand, in the Start list, select With Previous. Under Modify: Expand, click Change, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Peek In, and then click OK. Press and hold CTRL, select the second, third, fourth, and fifth expand effects in the Custom Animation pane, and then do the following: Under Modify: Peek In, in the Speed list, select Fast. Select the second expand effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Start list, select After Previous. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the fourth expand effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Right. Select the third expand effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Left. Select the fifth expand effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Top. Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Corner (second option from the left). In the Type list, select Radial. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).

به هر کدام از این مواد، استثنائات و متفرعاتی وارد شده است
در کنوانسیون مواد 81 الی 84 به آثار فسخ بیع پرداخته است که در آن مهم‎ترین آثار فسخ بیع انحلال قرارداد و استرداد عوضین است. نتیجه گیری به هر کدام از این مواد، استثنائات و متفرعاتی وارد شده است از جمله در خصوص انحلال قرارداد کنوانسیون تصریح دارد که: «فسخ قرارداد تأثیری در شروطی که برای حل و فصل دعاوی وضع گردیده ندارد.» Custom animation effects: object spins on end (Advanced) On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then select Solid fill in the Fill pane. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). To reproduce the rectangle on this slide, do the following: With the rounded rectangle still selected, under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: Select the rectangle. Drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle to the left to decrease the amount of rounding on the corners. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rounded Rectangle (second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rounded rectangle. In the Shape Height box, enter 3.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Solid fill, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). In the Shape Width box, enter 0.25”. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Outer select Offset Bottom (first row, second option from the left), and then do the following: Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select No line. In the Blur box, enter 8.5 pt. In the Size box, enter 100%. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane. In the 3-D Format pane, do the following: In the Distance box, enter 1 pt. In the Angle box, enter 90°. Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 5 pt, and in the Height box, enter 5 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Matte (first row, first option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Soft (first row, third option from the left). Select the duplicate rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, do the following: On the slide, select the rounded rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then click No Fill. Press and hold CTRL, and then select both rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and do the following: Drag the second rectangle above the first rectangle until the lower edge overlays the top edge of the first rectangle. (Note: When the spinning animation effect is created later for these rectangles, the spin will center where the edges of the rectangles meet.) Click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. Point to Align, and then click Align Center. Point to Align, and then click Align Selected Objects. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: On the slide, drag the group until it is centered horizontally on the left edge of the slide (straddling the edge). Click Group. Click Align Middle. Click Align to Slide. To reproduce the dashed arc on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Arc (third row, 12th option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw an arc. Select the arc. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: With the arc still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then do the following: In the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”. Under Theme Colors, click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). Drag the arc until the yellow diamond adjustment handles are on the left edge of the slide. On the slide, drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle on the right side of the arc to the bottom of the arc to create a half circle. Point to Dashes, and then click Dash (fourth option from the top). With the arc still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: To reproduce the half circle on this slide, do the following: Select the duplicate arc. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: On the slide, select the arc. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. In the Shape Height box, enter 3.33”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. With the second arc still selected, under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 5% (second row, first option from the left). In the Shape Width box, enter 3.33”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Shadow, and then click Shadow Options. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Inner click Inside Right (second row, third option from the left), and then do the following: In the Angle box, enter 315°. In the Blur box, enter 24 pt. In the Transparency box, enter 86%. On the slide, drag the second arc until the yellow diamond adjustment handles are on the left edge of the slide. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then do the following: In the Distance box, enter 4 pt. Point to Align, and then click Align Middle. Point to Align, and then click Align to Slide. Click Send to Back. To reproduce the button shapes on this slide, do the following: Select the oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Oval (first row, second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw an oval. In the Shape Height box, enter 0.34”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Solid Fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Olive Green, Accent 3, Lighter 80° (second row, seventh option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click More, and then click Light 1 Outline, Colored Fill – Dark 1 (third row, first option from the left). In the Shape Width box, enter 0.34”. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Outer click Offset Bottom (first row, second option from the left), and then do the following: Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the 3-D Format pane: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Art Deco (third row, fourth option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 5 pt, and in the Height box, enter 5 pt. Under Contour, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Size box, enter 3.5 pt. On the slide, select the oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Position tab, do the following: Select the oval. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. In the Vertical box, enter 1.5”. In the Horizontal box, enter 2.98”. Select the duplicate oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Position tab, do the following: Repeat step 9 two more times, for a total of four ovals. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Position tab, do the following to position the third and fourth ovals: In the Vertical box, enter 2.98”. In the Horizontal box, enter 3.52”. Select the fourth oval on the slide, and then enter 2.99” in the Horizontal box and 5.66” in the Vertical box. Select the third oval on the slide, and then enter 3.52” in the Horizontal box and 4.27” in the Vertical box. To reproduce the text on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw the text box. Enter text in the text box and select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 50% (sixth row, first option from the left). In the Font Size list, select 22. In the Font list, select Corbel. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left to align the text left in the text box. Click in the text box and edit the text. Select the text box. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. On the slide, drag the text box to the right of the first oval. Repeat steps 5-7 to create the third and fourth text boxes, dragging them to the right of the third and fourth ovals. Drag the second text box to the right of the second oval. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Spin. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the rectangle group. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the animation effect (spin effect for the rectangle group). Under Modify: Spin, do the following: In the Amount list, in the Custom box, enter 123°, and then press ENTER. Also in the Amount list, click Counterclockwise. In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Speed list, select Fast. Click Add Effect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Change Fill Color. On the slide, select the first oval. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the second animation effect (change fill color effect for the first oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following: In the Fill Color list, click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 130, Green: 153, Blue: 117. In the Start list, select After Previous. On the slide, select the first text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: In the Speed list, select Very Fast. Select the third animation effect (fade effect for the first text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, click Fade. Select the fourth animation effect (spin effect for the rectangle group). Under Modify: Spin, do the following: In the Amount list, in the Custom box, enter 22°, and then press ENTER. Also in the Amount list, click Clockwise. In the Start list, select On Click. On the slide, select the second oval. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the fifth animation effect (change fill color effect for the second oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following: On the slide, select the second text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the sixth animation effect (fade effect for the second text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, click Fade. On the slide, select the third oval. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the seventh animation effect (change fill color effect for the third oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following: On the slide, select the third text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the eighth animation effect (fade effect for the third text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following: On the slide, select the fourth oval. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the ninth animation effect (change fill color effect for the fourth oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following: On the slide, select the fourth text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Select the 10th animation effect (fade effect for the fourth text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following: در نهایت کنوانسیون به مبحث استرداد منافع پرداخته که خریدار ملزم به استرداد کالا و منافع آن و بایع ملزم به استرداد ثمن و بهره آن از روز تأدیه است .

منابع الف: کتب صفایی، سید حسین،حقوق بیع بین الملل، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران،1385 شیروی، عبدالحسین،حقوق تجارت بین الملل، تهران، انتشارات میزان،1389 کاتوزیان، ناصر، حقوق مدنی(قواعد عمومی قراردادها)،تهران، انتشارات میزان،1386 کاتوزیان، ناصر،حقوق مدنی(عقود معین 1)، تهران، انتشارات میزان،1385 اشمیتوف، کلایوم، حقوق تجارت بین الملل،تهران، انتشارات سمت،1382 علی عباس حیاتی،آثار فسخ در کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی،مجله پزوهشی دانشگاه امام صادق،شماره 15

منابع ب:مقالات میرزا نژاد جویباری،اکبر،“ناممکن شدن رد مبیع و اعمال حق فسخ خریدار“،مجله حقوقی،نشریه مرکز امور حقوقی بین المللی،1384،شماره 33 میرزا نژاد جویباری،اکبر،“ بحثی پیرامون مفهوم نقض اساسی قرارداد در کنوانسیون بیع بین الملل کالا1980“،مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، زمستان 1381،شماره 58

سید محسن هاشمی نسب و رضایی

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سید محسن هاشمی نسب و رضایی

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