1. AGE OF EXPLORATION The First Global Age 1500-1800

2. Three motives for exploration: gold – opportunities for riches
Europe & Asia ( )
What were the motives for exploration?
Three motives for exploration:
gold – opportunities for riches
God – religious zeal
glory – spirit of adventure

3. Advances in Technology
Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century
Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales -- Work better with cross winds
Navigational instruments: astrolabe, cartographers, magnetic compass
Knowledge of winds, currents
The Volta do Mar
“return through the sea”

4. Voyages to the Americas
The Portuguese were the first successful European explorers.
Who was the most important figure in the History of Spanish Exploration?
Christopher Columbus sails the Atlantic Ocean in August 3, 1492 and lands in Hispanola in October 12, 1492.
Others: Ferdinand Magellan, John Cabot, Francisco Pizarro, Vasco de Gama,

5. A line of demarcation
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: established a line of demarcation between territories controlled by Portugal (east of the line) and Spain (west of the line)

6. The Spanish conquer Mexico
Hernan Cortes landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519
-- in 1521, Cortes conquers Tenochtitlan
. . . With about 600 men, 16 horses, 6 canons and with the help of “la Malinche”

7. Reasons for victory:
1- Superior technology; horses; Spanish muskets & canons; metal helmets & armor protected the Spanish from the Indians’ arrows & spears
2 – Native Americans allied w/the Spanish
3 – Disease wiped out the Indian population

8. Global Changes
How did European exploration lead to a global exchange? What economic changes occurred in Europe in s?
A global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology began. Since this exchange started w/Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange.

11. From the Americas TO Europe, Africa, Asia:
silver, gold
dyes
tobacco
cotton
beans
peanut
squash
pumpkin
turkey
vanilla
hides
potatoes* (Peru)
sweet potato
Cacao beans
maize (corn)
tomato
pineapple
chili pepper
avocado

12. From Europe, Africa, Asia TO the Americas :
wheat, rice, barley, oats, coffee
banana
onion
grape (wine)
dandelion
citrus fruits
sugar cane
cattle, horse, goat, sheep, chicken, cat, dog, goose, rabbit, pig
honey bee
smallpox, influenza, malaria, measles
hoe, scissors

13. Economic Impact and Competion
The increase of trade w/colonies encouraged European capitalism:
-- investment of $$$
* European nations adopted a new policy:
mercantilism: dominated economic thought in the 17th century; the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver – mother country benefited from the colonies’ $; colonies were used to support mother country w/ raw materials & to buy its goods

14. The Spice Trade
Why were Europeans and Muslims traders so interested in Southeast Asia?
* the growing spice trade resulted in the creation of an Islamic trade network
*the Moluccas -- Spice Islands
* 1600 – the Dutch begins to control the spice trade by limiting the cultivation of clove to one island and stop others from growing it
* spices: clove, pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg

15. The Spanish Caribbean
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Spanish mariners meet indigenous Tainos (Arawaks)
Originally from Orinoco River valley in South America, settled in Caribbean in late centuries BCE through 900 CE
Columbus uses Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic) as base for trading with Tainos
Disappointed that Tainos had no spices, silks
Recruit locals to mine gold instead
Encomienda: Forced labor

16. From Mining to Plantation Agriculture
Tainos occasionally rebel, but outgunned by Spanish military technology
Smallpox epidemics begin 1518
Spaniards launch raids to kidnap and replace workers, spread disease further
Taino society disappears by middle of 16th century
Limited gold production causes new interest in exploiting Caribbean for sugarcane production *** Requires massive importation of slaves: The Slave Trade: The Love of Money at the Root of Evil

17. The Slave Trade The Love of Money at the Root of Evil
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* The triangular trade marked the emergence of a new world economy
(connected Europe, Africa, the Americas; manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe)

18. Remaking the Americas:
Spanish introduced new forms of gov’t, religion, economy, and culture to the Americas; New social structures developed
Spain kept strict control over their colonies; Catholic Church helped run the gov’t; Indians were converted to Christianity
Encomienda: grants of land given to the Spaniards where Indians were used as slave labor.
Indians were forced to work on sugar plantations since sugarcane became a large business
Spanish brought slaves from Africa to do the work since many Indians were dying

19. Mining in the Spanish Empire
Hunt for gold and silver
Conquistadores loot Aztec, Inca treasures and melt them down for their value as raw precious metals
Gold not extensive in Spanish holdings, but silver relatively plentiful
Extensive employment of natives
Incan mita system of conscripted labor
Dangerous working conditions
Eventually assimilate into Spanish culture
1/5 reserved for crown (quinta), hugely profitable