1. Chapter 21, Section 4 “The Progressive Presidents”

2. Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Square Deal – a nickname for Pres. Roosevelt’s policies that attempted to balance the interests of businesspeople, laborers, and consumers
1902 Coal Miners Strike – he threatened to take over the mines unless managers and strikers agreed to arbitration (first time govt. intervened in a strike and didn’t side with business)
First president to successfully use the Sherman Anti-trust Act to break up monopolies and trusts
TR supported laws regulating businesses
1903 Elkins Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

3. “The Jungle”
Muckrakers helped build support for President Roosevelt’s efforts to regulate big business
Upton Sinclair’s novel “The Jungle” published in early 1906 about immigrants working in a meat-packing plant shocked the nation with its description of unhealthy practices there
Pure Food and Drug Act – law passed by Congress in 1906 that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs
Meat Inspection Act – law passed by Congress in 1906 that authorized the Dept. of Agriculture to inspect and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption

4. Roosevelt & Conservation
T.R. was very worried about the loss of natural resources
Preserved more than 200 million acres
Wildlife refuges
National parks
Protected the Grand Canyon in Arizona

5. Presidency of William Howard Taft
Taft won the presidency in 1908, promising continued Progressive reforms
As president, Taft upset Progressives by not aggressively pursuing reforms
Taft passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909
Roosevelt and Progressives furious with Taft
Reduced tariffs on some imports, but raised others.
Progressives wanted all to be lowered.

6. Election of 1912 Roosevelt decides to run again for President.
Taft wins the Republican nomination
Teddy decides to form the Bull Moose Party- “he was as strong as a Bull Moose”
Taft and Roosevelt split votes. Dem. Wilson Wins

7. Presidential Election of 1912

8. Woodrow Wilson’s Reforms
In his inaugural address, focused on the social well-being of working-class Americans.
Underwood Tariff Act of 1913, lowered tariffs, and introduced income tax.
16th Amendment – Allows federal government to impose direct taxes on citizens’ income.
1913 Federal Reserve Act – national banking system to regulate the economy.