1. History of Computers

2. First!
Welcome Aboard!

3. This course is about: How to fix computers
How to build myself one real cheap
Which one to buy
Knowing all about the Pentium IV or PowerPC
What computers consist of
How computers work
How they are organized internally
What are the design tradeoffs

4. A computer is:
An electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), and process it into useful information (output). Data is put in secondary storage (storage) for safekeeping or later use.
The processing of input into output is directed by the software, but performed by the hardware.

5. Computing Machines Ubiquitous ( = everywhere)
General purpose: servers, desktops, laptops, PDAs, etc.
Special purpose: cash registers, ATMs, games, telephone switches, etc.
Embedded: cars, hotel doors, printers, VCRs, industrial machinery, medical equipment, etc.
Distinguishing Characteristics
Speed
Cost
Ease of use, software support & interface
Scalability

6. Why do we study history? Hardware changes 1980 2000 factor
MIPS
cost/MIPS $100K $
memory 128KB 1GB 8000
disk 10MB 100GB 1000
network 9600BPS 1GBPS
address bits 16bits 64bits 4 (24)

7. History of Computer: Before 1940
Questions we want answered:
Where did computers come from?
Who were the key people in computer history?
How did these advancements affect society?
The development of computers and related technologies up to 1940 changed the way the world operated, and is still influencing us today.

8. Enduring ancient technologies
Many of the technologies involved in computers are related to ancient technologies.
Although these technologies seem simple, they are an important basis for later discoveries.

9. The Abacus The abacus was the first calculation mechanism
First documented abacus was from 1200 A.D. in China

10. Impact on Society
The impact of the abacus and other technologies was massive
Society began to rely on mathematical computation
We are still far from computers…

11. Mechanical improvements
The history of computers involves several mechanical technologies
These inventions gave a slight glimpse of what would some day be possible
First Self-Striking Clock (Korean)

12. Mechanical Calculators
The first automated calculation devices
Used complex engineering to achieve simple calculations
Rod and gear engineering

13. Pascal’s Arithmetic Machine
Created in 1642
Often credited as the first calculator
Could only add and subtract
Multiplication and division were done by repetitive addition
Subtraction was done using complements conversion

14. Blaise Pascal Born 1623 Gifted student showing early potential
Made contributions to geometry by age of 13
Eventually left mathematics to study religion
PASCAL’s namesake

15. Impact on Society
The first mechanical calculators ended up as conversation pieces
White collar managers were persuaded not to buy them
Only 50 of Pascal’s calculators were ever built
But more people start to dream…

16. Punched Cards Invented in the early 1800’s Joseph-Marie Jacquard
Originally developed to control the flow of yarn onto a loom
Adapted to automatic pianos and, eventually, computer data

17. Logical discoveries Logic machines were the next major step
These machines manipulated logic expressions
Pushed mathematicians fascination with logic to an entirely new level

18. Stanhope Demonstrator
Charles Stanhope ( ) in early 1800’s
First mechanical attempt at solving logic expressions

19. Charles Babbage Lived 1791 – 1871 “Father of Computing”
Developed the first computer
Difference Engine
Analytic Engine

20. Difference Engine
In the 1800’s, trigonometry and logarithm tables were made by hand
Babbage was convinced machines could do these calculations
His solution was called the Difference Engine
It was never finished

21. Analytic Machine
During the building of the Difference Engine, Babbage had a new vision
His new idea was to use loops of punched cards to run an automatic calculator
The machine would also employee sequential control, loops and branching

22. Augusta Ada Lovelace Mathematician that worked with Babbage
Created a program for the Analytic Machine
Ada is now credited with being the first computer programmer
ADA language namesake

23. Boolean Algebra Created by George Boole(Britain 1847)
Developed an algebraic scheme for logics
Boole lacked formal education
Boole and DeMorgan (DeMorgan Transformations) caused a revolution in the study of logic

24. Herman Hollerith Jacquard’s punch cards could store other data
Punched card system was used for 1890 census
Hollerith’s machines allowed cards to be selectively sorted as well
Hollerith’s company became International Business Machines (IBM)

25. The Sholes (QWERTY) Keyboard
Typewriters were becoming more commercial
These early typewriters jammed often
Sholes’ solution was to separate common digraphs, or commonly sequential letters
For example “sh” or “ed”
Even after the jamming problem was fixed, this style of keyboard remained

26. Vacuum Tube An extension of Edison’s lightbulb In 1906, Lee de Forest
created the first triode
They could act as both an amplifier and switch
Switch properties would become basis of digital computation

27. Differential Analyzer
Created by Vannevar Bush in 1927
Analog computer that could solve simple equations
First version was driven by electric motors but was mechanical
Second version was give instructions by paper tape
Weighed over 100 tons and had 200 miles of wire

28. Turing Machine Invented by Alan Turing in 1937
The Turing Machine is a thought exercise
Required a problem to be described as a set of instructions to reach a result
Instrumental in the design of the first programmable computer

29. Claude Shannon’s Thesis
Written in 1938 at MIT
Described how the logic concepts of TRUE and FALSE could apply to ON and OFF in electronic switches
Widely regarded as the most important thesis of the twentieth century
Basis of Electrical Engineering

30. Impact on Society
Though society at large is dismissive, the scientific community is embracing the idea of computers
Turing has laid important ground work for future developments
The first computers are ready to be created…

31. Conclusions
The pursuit of quick calculations brought the idea of computers into existence
Flashes of ingenuity had made the concept of a computer feasible
The scientific community was eager for further advancements
Several technologies important to computers had made their way into society

32. The 1940s 1940: First electronic computers in US, UK, and Germany
1941: Working with limited backing from the German Aeronautical Research Institute, Zuse completes the "V3", the first operational programmable calculator.
1943: the "ASCC Mark I“ is completed . The machine is 51 feet long, 8 feet high, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts. It is the first binary computer built in the U.S. that is operated by electricity.

33. The 1940s Cont’d
1945:John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert complete the ENIAC (a calculator). It weighs 30 tons, is 18 feet high and 80 feet long, covers about 1000 square feet of floor, and consumes 130 or 140 kilowatts of electricity. Containing 17,468 vacuum tubes and over 500,000 soldered connections, it costs $487,000. While it could perform five thousand additions in one second, the circuitry in ENIAC could now be contained on a panel the size of a playing card.
1948: the "Manchester Mark I". This is the first machine that everyone would call a computer, because it's the first with a true stored-program capability.

34. The 1950s
1951: Ferranti Ltd. completes the first commercial computer. It has bit words of main memory and 16K words of drum. An eventual total of 8 of these machines are sold.
1952: The EDVAC is finally completed. It has 4000 tubes, 10,000 crystal diodes, and bit words of ultrasonic memory. Its clock speed is 1 MHz.
1957:USSR launches Sputnik, the first earth satellite. Newell, Shaw, and Simon develop General Problem Solver. Fortran, the first popular programming language, hits the streets.

35. 1950s Cont’d 1958: McCarthy creates first LISP. 1959
Minsky and McCarthy establish MIT AI Lab.
Frank Rosenblatt introduces Perceptrons.
COBOL, a programming language for business use, and LISP, the first string processing language, come out.

36. The 1960s 1962: First industrial robots.
: Doug Englebart invents the computer mouse, first called the X-Y Position Indicator.
1960: Wang introduces the LOCI, a desktop calculator at the bargain price of $6700, much less than the cost of a mainframe. In six months, Wang sells about twenty units.
1967: Greenblatt's MacHack defeats Hubert Deyfus at chess. IBM builds the first floppy disk

37. 1960s Cont’d 1966 Weizenbaum and Colby create ELIZA.
Hewlett-Packard enters the computer market with the HP2116A real-time computer. It is designed to crunch data acquired from electronic test and measurement instruments. It has 8K of memory and costs $30,000.
Hewlett-Packard announces their HP 9100 series calculator with CRT displays selling for about $5000 each.

38. 1969! 1969 Kubrick's "2001" introduces AI to mass audience.
Intel announces a 1 KB RAM chip, which has a significantly larger capacity than any previously produced memory chip
Unix operating system, characterised by multitasking (also called time-sharing), virtual memory, multi-user design and security, designed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Laboratories, USA
ARPANET (future Internet) links first two computers at UCLA and Stanford Research Institute. Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, a UCLA-based pioneer of Internet technology, and his assistant Charley Kline manage to send succesfully, after solving an initial problem with an inadequate memory buffer, a command "login" to a Stanford machine set-up and tuned by Bill Duvall. First !
(UCLA, UCSB, University of Utah and SRI are the four original members of Arpanet.)

39. The 1970s
1971: Bowmar Instruments Corporation introduces the LSI-based (large scale integration) four function (+, -, *, /) pocket calculator with LED at an initial price of $250.
1972: Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-Data (which eventually becomes Microsoft). Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs begin selling blue boxes. Electronic mail!
1973: Radio Electronics publishes an article by Don Lancaster describing a "TV Typewriter.”

40. 1970s Cont’d
1976
Queen Elizabeth is first head of state to send .
Shugart introduces 5.25" floppy.
IBM introduces a total information processing system. The system includes diskette storage, magnetic card reader/recorder, and CRT. The print station contains an ink jet printer, automatic paper and envelope feeder, and optional electronic communication.
Apple Computer opens its first offices in Cupertino and introduces the Apple II. It is the first personal computer with color graphics. It has a 6502 CPU, 4KB RAM, 16KB ROM, keyboard, 8-slot motherboard, game paddles, and built-in BASIC.

41. The 1980s
1981: Listserv mailing list software. Online knowledge-groups and virtual seminars are formed. Osborne introduces first portable computer. MS-DOS introduced.
1984: Macintosh personal computer, launched by Apple Computer Inc. The first computer has 128KB of memory and a 3.5" 400KB floppy disk-drive. The OS with astounding graphic interface is bundled with MacWrite (wordprocessor) and MacPaint (free-hand, B&W drawing) software. Apple introduces 3.5" floppy. The domain name system is established.
1985: CD-ROM technology (disk and drive) for computers developed by Sony and Philips. File Transfer Protocol.
1987: Microsoft ships Windows 1.01.

42. 1980s Cont’d
1988
The 386 chip brings PC speeds into competition with LISP machines.
1989
Tim Berners-Lee invents the WWW while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. He won the Finnish Technology Award Foundation's first Millennium Technology Prize in April of The $1.2 million prize was presented by Tarja Halonen, president of Finland.

43. The 1990s
1990: Archie FTP semi-crawler search engine, built by Peter Deutsch of MacGill University.
1991: CD-recordable (CD-R) technology is released.
WWW server combines URL (addressing) syntax, HTML (markup) language for documents, and HTTP (communications protocol). It also offers integration of earlier Internet tools into a seamless whole.
1992: There are about 20 Web servers in existence (Ciolek 1998).

44. 1990s Cont’d
1994: Labyrinth graphic 3-D (vrml) WWW browser is built by Mark Pesce. It provides access to the virtual reality of three-dimensional objects (artifacts, buildings, landscapes).
browser, developed by Marc Andreessen, Mountain View, California.
1995
RealAudio narrowcasting (Reid 1997:69)

45. 1990s Some More! 1996: There are 100,000 Web servers in existence.
“Deep Blue 2” beats Kasparov, the best chess player in the world. The world as we know it ends.
DVD technology (players and movies) is released. A DVD-recordable standard is created (Alpeda 1998).
Web TV introduced.
1998: Kevin Warwick, Professor of Cybernetics at the University of Reading in the U.K., became the first human to host a microchip. The approximately 23mm-by-3mm glass capsule containing several microprocessors stayed in Warwick's left arm for nine days. It was used to test implant's interaction with computer controlled doors and lights in a futuristic 'intelligent office building. There are 3.6 mln Web servers in existence (Zakon 1998).
1999: There are 4.3 mln Web servers in existence (Zakon 1999).

46. Moore's Law
Coined in the 1960s by Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel
States that the storage density (and therefore the processing power) of integrated circuits is doubling about every year
By the 1970s the doubling rate had slowed to 18 months, a pace that has continued up to the present

48. Computer Generations First Generation 1939 – 1954
Second Generation 1954 – 1964
Third Generation 1964 – 1971
Fourth Generation 1971 – now
Fifth Generation now

49. First Generation of Computers
Technology: Vacuum Tube
Power: IPS
Storage Device: Magnetic Cylinders (Up to 2KB Capacity)
Input Device: Punched Cards
Size: Huge
Consumption: Very High
Application: Engineering and Military

50. Second Generation of Computers
Technology: Transistors
Power: IPS
Storage Device: Magnetic Segments (Up to 32KB Capacity)
Input Device: Punched Cards
Size: Big
Consumption: Less than First Generation
Application: Engineering and Office Works

51. Third Generation of Computers
Technology: Transistors in ICs
Power: 5 MIPS
Storage Device: Magnetic Disks (Up to 2MB Capacity)
Input Device: Punched Cards
Size: Smaller than Preceding
Consumption: Less than Preceding
Application: Engineering, Office and Business Works

52. Fourth Generation of Computers
Technology: Microprocessors
Power: More than 200 MIPS
Storage Device: Various Types (More than GBs)
Input Device: Various Types
Size: Very Small
Consumption: Very Low
Application: Many Applications

53. Fifth Generation of Computers
Technology: Parallel Processing, AI
Power: Billions of Instructions per Second

54. History of Computers

55. History of Computing -1990
Microsoft releases Windows 3.0, using a graphical user interface (GUI). 
IBM announces its RISC-based workstation line, the RS/6000.
The Personal Computer Memory Card International Association releases the PCMCIA card specification v1.0

56. History of Computing - 1991 Intel introduces the 486SX chip
The World Wide Web is launched.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) written
Gopher released – a menu-driven, search and retrieval tool that helps Internet users locate information online
Data is transmitted through optical fiber at 32 billion bits per second.

57. History of Computing
The HP Scanjet IIc scanner allows computers to input photographs and other visual images in color
Linus Torvalds releases the first version of Linux, his open source Unix clone

58. History of Computing - 1992 Microsoft releases Windows 3.1
Intel unveils the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) localbus standard for PCs
Intel releases the 486DX2 chip with a clock-doubling ability that generates a higher operating speed.

59. History of Computing
Sun Microsystems ships the 50MHz MicroSPARC processor
Apple chairman John Scully coins the term Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
New Web terms coined: HTTP and URL
 65 million personal computers have been sold.
 More than 1,000,000 Internet hosts.

60. History of Computing
Intel unveils the Pentium processor, which incorporates 3.1 million transistors.
Microsoft releases Windows NT and Windows for Workgroups
Compaq, Intel, Microsoft and Phoenix Technologies define the Plug and Play specification.

61. History of Computing - 1993 Apple introduces AV Macintosh systems
Graphical user interface, Mosaic, is developed for the World Wide Web
HTML introduced as the code for web design
 1 in 3 Americans does some work at home instead of driving to work

62. History of Computing
Netscape Communications releases Navigator 1.0
Quickly becomes the most popular graphical browser for the World Wide Web because of its easy, point-and-click method of navigating the Internet
Iomega introduces its Zip drive and Zip disks
Yahoo search engine is started by two Stanford graduate engineering students

63. History of Computing - 1994 Pizza Hut accets orders online
Shopping malls arrive on the Internet
Internet mass marketing brings "spamming" into the lexicon
 Almost 1/3 of all American homes has a computer.

64. History of Computing - 1995 Microsoft releases Windows 95
Microsoft also releases Office 95 and Internet Explorer 1.0
Intel unveils the Pentium Pro processor, offering speeds of 150MHz, 180MHz and 200MHz
Computer TouchPad offers substitute for the mouse

65. History of Computing
Sharp Electronics introduces the Zaurus, the first PDA to incorporate both built-in keyboard and pen input mechanisms
WebTV formed to combine television and the Internet
The Java programming language for websites

66. History of Computing
MIPS Technologies ships the 200MHz R5000 RISC microprocessor
Microsoft unveils Windows CE operating system for hand-held PCs
“Java” is a buzzword on the Internet. Java allows small applications, called applets, to be run on Web sites, expanding the power of the World Wide Web

67. History of Computing
Optical fiber cable line stretches across the Pacific
Typical modem is 14.4K bits/sec., but new sales are for 28.8K
Microsoft releases Explorer 3.0 Web browser
 5 million Internet users, including 30 million in U.S

68. History of Computing - 1997 Intel launches the MMX chip
The first weblogs, or "blogs” formed
Palm produces the first handheld device with the Palm OS
Optical fiber cable lines now stretch around the world
Streaming audio and video are available on the Web

69. History of Computing
 Exploding growth: more than 4,000 ISPs in the U.S. and Canada alone
 More than 50 million Americans, Canadians use the Internet
 IBM computer defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov

70. History of Computing
The Pentium II processor incorporates 7.5 million transistors
Apple unveils the colorful iMac computer
Plans laid by universities, industry, government for Internet2

71. History of Computing
Virus after virus attack computers. Melissa is the worst yet
Companies start working on fixes for the “Y2K” bug for the Year 2000
First Internet Bank of Indiana, the first full-service bank available only on the Net

72. History of Computing
Traffic on the Internet, network of networks, is doubling every 100 days
 Ten million Web servers throughout the world
 150 million Internet users can access more than 800 million web pages

73. Ethics in Computing
1990’s considered as “second generation” of computer ethics.
ETHICOMP Series of Conferences
IEEE Code of Ethics
Intellectual property rights
Professional Responsibility
Privacy
Computer Crimes
Computers in Workplace

74. Hackers: Computer Outlaws

75. Legal Issues in Computing
Computer Misuse Act 1990
Data Protection Act 1998
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998

76. Famous Legal Battles The US government case against Microsoft
Monopoly
An Ethical Perspective

77. Famous Legal Battles Xerox vs. Palm Computing (1997)
Pilot Pen Corporation vs. Palm Computing(1998)
Palm vs. Microsoft (1998)
Lexar Media vs. SanDisk (1998)
Glenayre vs. RIM (1999)

78. Computing and Society Dependency on Computers and Technology
Fast paced environment. Increased mobility.
Improved communications.
24/7 Connectivity – A Blessing or a Curse??

79. Computing