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Unit 12: Human Regulation and Reproduction
Assignment 2: The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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Starter Activity Complete the anagrams…
Write a definition of each word!
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Lesson Objectives To understand the basic structure of sensory, relay and motor neurons. To be able to describe the function of each part of a neuron. To revise the function of a synapse.
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Draw a Nerve Cell On your mini whiteboards, draw a labelled diagram of a nerve cell. (Nerve cell = Neuron / Neurone)
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Did it look like this?
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Neurons Specially adapted cells
(can you remember how they are adapted?) Carry electrochemically charged impulses (this needs energy from ATP so there are lots of mitochondria to carry out respiration) Use Neurotransmitters (cells feature a large amount of endoplasmic reticulum to make these proteins)
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Sensory Receptors Respond to an environmental stimulus with an electrical change. The resulting signal is conducted to a sensory neuron.
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Sensory Receptors: Sense Sense Organ Sensory Receptor Cells
Sensitive to… Sight Eye Rod and Cone cells in the retina Changes in light Smell Hearing Taste Touch
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Sensory Receptors: Sense Sense Organ Sensory Receptor Cells
Sensitive to… Sight Eye Rod and Cone cells in the retina Changes in light Smell Nose Olfactory Cells Chemicals in the air Hearing Ear Hair cell receptors (inner ear) Vibrations in the air particles Taste Tongue Chemoreceptors on the taste buds Chemicals in food and drink. Touch Skin Pressure /Thermo receptors Changes in temperature and pressure
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Stimulus Receptor Sensory Neuron Inter neuron Motor neuron Effector Response
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Types of Neuron Sensory Relay Motor
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Sensory Neurons
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Sensory Neurons These cells transmit an electrical impulse from a sensory receptor to a relay neuron (interneuron). Long cells Cell body is located away from the dendrites. Why?
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Relay Neurons (interneurons)
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Relay Neurons Transmit a nerve impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron in the reflex arc. Found in the central nervous system (spinal cord / brain)
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Motor Neurons
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Motor Neurons Transmit electrical impulses from sensory/relay neurons.
Cause a change in an effector (e.g. muscle movement)
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Neuron Structure Complete the handout using your notes and the biology text books.
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Synapses Draw a synapse on your mini whiteboard
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Did it look like this?
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Neuromuscular Junctions
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What do synapses do? A Synapse is where two nerve cells meet
There is a tiny gap between the pre synaptic membrane (synaptic knob) and the post synaptic membrane. An electrical impulse is converted into a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) to pass over the synaptic gap, this is then converted into an electrical signal again.
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Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Noradrenaline Serotonin Dopamine GABA
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Acetylcholine (ACH) 1st Neurotransmitter to be discovered
Also present in the CNS and PNS (Neuromuscular junctions) Most common NT Vital in the transmission of nerve impulses
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Noradrenaline Mostly involved in stimulating heart rate
Sympathetic Nervous System Involved in the ‘’fight or flight’’ response.
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Serotonin Found in the brain synapses Responsible for mood balance
Involved in mood, emotion, sleep and appetite. High levels make us feel really good Low levels linked to depression Chocolate can increase the production of serotonin. (Tryptophan) Drugs like ecstasy increase serotonin.
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Dopamine Focus, movement, co-ordination, memory.
Parkinson's = loss of dopamine Reward system in pleasurable behaviour) (when eating, having sex or carrying out addictive behaviour) Disruption to the dopamine system is linked to psychosis (schizophrenia)
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Complete the handout ‘Synapses’
Class / Home Work Complete the handout ‘Synapses’
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Lesson Objectives To understand the basic structure of sensory, relay and motor neurons. To be able to describe the function of each part of a neuron. To revise the function of a synapse.
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