1. The PERIODIC TABLE tells us all sorts of things about ELEMENTS—the different ATOMS that make up ALL the MATTER in our universe.

2. It lists all their names, abbreviation symbols in ANY language…

3. It tells you how each ELEMENT has its own DISTINCT ATOMIC NUMBER of PROTONS (+) in their atomic nucleus!

4. It tells you how each ELEMENT has its own DISTINCT ATOMIC NUMBER of PROTONS (+) in their atomic nucleus!
You can tell how much
heavier each element
is to one another!
SODIUM ATOMS ARE ALMOST 23X HEAVIER THAN HYDROGEN ATOMS.

5. By taking the atomic mass and subtracting the atomic number we can calculate the average number of neutrons in each element.

6. Hey, I ain’t got no neutrons!
By taking the atomic mass and subtracting the atomic number we can calculate the average number of neutrons in each element.
Hey, I ain’t got no neutrons!
I got 12!

7. And we learned how orbiting electrons (-) SHAPE the Periodic Table.

8. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp_ Grp_
As we go down another period (row) on the Periodic Table, elements they have an additional orbiting shell of electrons (-).
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

9. As we go down another row on the Periodic Table, elements there have an additional orbiting shell of electrons (-).
WHY???

10. As we go down another period (row) on the periodic table, elements there have an additional orbiting shell of electrons (-).
WHY???
Bigger atoms with more protons (+) need more room for their usually equally opposite electrons (-).

11. 7 ROWS = 7 PERIODS

12. 7 ROWS = 7 PERIODS = up to 7 e- orbits

13. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp_ Grp_ Per _ Per _ Per _ Per _
You should NUMBER your PERIODS (rows) on the left of your sheet…
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

14. The PERIOD (ROW) AN ELEMENT IS IN TELLS US THE NUMBER OF ELECTRON ______ IT HAS!

15. The PERIOD (ROW) AN ELEMENT IS IN TELLS US THE NUMBER OF ELECTRON ORBITS IT HAS!

16. SEE? Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp_ Grp_ Per _ Per _ Per _H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

17. ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) # 1 HAVE __ ORBIT of ELECTRONS…
The PERIOD (ROW) AN ELEMENT IS IN TELLS US THE NUMBER OF ELECTRON ORBITS IT HAS!
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) # 1 HAVE __ ORBIT of ELECTRONS…

18. The PERIOD (ROW) AN ELEMENT IS IN TELLS US THE NUMBER OF ELECTRON ORBITS IT HAS!
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) # 1 HAVE 1 ORBIT of ELECTRONS…
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) 3 HAVE __ORBITS OF ELECTRONS…

19. The PERIOD (ROW) AN ELEMENT IS IN TELLS US THE NUMBER OF ELECTRON ORBITS IT HAS!
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) # 1 HAVE 1 ORBIT of ELECTRONS…
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) 3 HAVE 3 ORBITS OF ELECTRONS…
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) 7 HAVE __ ORBITS OF ELECTRONS…

20. The PERIOD (ROW) AN ELEMENT IS IN TELLS US THE NUMBER OF ELECTRON ORBITS IT HAS!
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) # 1 HAVE 1 ORBIT of ELECTRONS…
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) 3 HAVE 3 ORBITS OF ELECTRONS…
ELEMENTS IN PERIOD (ROW) 7 HAVE 7 ORBITS OF ELECTRONS…
D’UH…

21. That explains why the Periodic Table has 7 periods (rows).Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
PERIOD 1
PERIOD 2
PERIOD 3
PERIOD 4
PERIOD 5
PERIOD 6
PERIOD 7
That explains why the Periodic Table has 7 periods (rows).

22. BUT WHY DO WE HAVE 18 GROUPS (COLUMNS)?
THAT’S GOOD FOR UNDERSTANDING THE PERIODS (ROWS) OF OUR PERIODIC TABLE….
BUT WHY DO WE HAVE 18 GROUPS (COLUMNS)?

23. BUT WHY DO WE HAVE 18 GROUPS (COLUMNS)?
AND WHY DO WE HAVE THIS DIP
RIGHT HERE?

24. the basic rule is…
A TYPICAL ATOM has the SAME NUMBER of ELECTRONS (-) to balance PROTONS(+)
NOT ALWAYS though…atoms frequently exchange their electrons (-) to get a static charge or to react with other atoms….but MOSTLY.

25. look at First twenty elements…WITH THE ELECTRON(-) ORBITS

26. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp_ Grp_ Per _ Per _ Per _ Per _
Make sure you NUMBER your GROUPS (columns) below on your sheet…
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

27. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp_ Grp_
How many electrons did we say fit in each
of the first 3 electron (-) orbits?
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

28. Check out the notches on a belt? Which one has room for more notches?
Why do you think the inner orbit only holds 2 electrons, but the outer orbits hold more?
Check out the notches on a belt? Which one has room for more notches?

29. The first inner orbiting shell of electrons (-) holds a max 2 electrons . The next orbit in period 2 holds a max of 8 electrons. The 3rd orbit for elements in period 3 can hold another 8 electrons .***
***the third orbit can hold a maximum of 18 electrons(-) but this orbit doesn’t start filling up until the 4 period. Don’t wrack your brain too much about this. In high school chemistry it will be better explained.

30. raise screen…

31. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp_ Grp_ Per _ Per _ Per _ Per _
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

32. Do you notice any pattern in the number of electrons in the
outermost shell?
Grp_
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

33. Do you notice any pattern in the number of electrons in the
outermost shell?
Grp_
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
All JUST 1 e-
in the outer orbit shell
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

34. Do you notice any pattern in the number of electrons in the
outermost shell?
Grp_
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp 2
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
This group all have 2 e- in the outer shell
All JUST 1 e-
in the outer orbit shell
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

35. Do you notice any pattern in the number of electrons in the
outermost shell?
Grp18
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp 2
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
This group all have 2 e- in the outer shell
All JUST 1 e-
in the outer orbit shell
This group has a FULL outer shell
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

36. Do you notice any pattern in the number of electrons in the
outermost shell?
Grp18
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp 2
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp 17
Per _
Per _
Per _
This group is just 1 e- short of a full load
This group all have 2 e- in the outer shell
All JUST 1 e-
in the outer orbit shell
This group has a FULL outer shell
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

37. Grp 2 Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp 16 Grp 17 Do you notice any pattern in
the number of electrons in the
outermost shell? GETTING THE IDEA?
Grp18
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp 2
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp 16
Grp 17
Per _
Per _
Per _
This group needs 2e- to fill its outer shell
This group is just 1 e- short of a full load
This group all have 2 e- in the outer shell
All JUST 1 e-
in the outer orbit shell
This group has a FULL outer shell
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

38. Grp 2 Grp _ Grp 14 Grp _ Grp 16 Grp 17 Do you notice any pattern in
the number of electrons in the
outermost shell? GETTING THE IDEA?
Grp18
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp 2
Grp _
Grp 14
Grp _
Grp 16
Grp 17
Per _
Per _
Per _
All have 4 e- & need 4 e-
This group needs 2e- to fill its outer shell
This group is just 1 e- short of a full load
This group all have 2 e- in the outer shell
All JUST 1 e-
in the outer orbit shell
This group has a FULL outer shell
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

39. Drop screen

40. What makes “GROUPS” so special in the Periodic Table?

41. The GROUPS (columns) tell us the specific NUMBER of ELECTRONS (-) in the OUTERMOST shell!

42. AND OF COURSE, YOU’D THINK CHEMISTS WOULD CALL THIS OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELL SOMETHING LIKE…OUTER ELECTRONS??
but NOOOO!

43. OUTERMOST ELECTRONS = VALENCE ELECTRONS
YESSSSS, YOU’VE GOT TO KNOW THIS…

44. OUTERMOST ELECTRONS = VALENCE ELECTRONS
marked RED
OUTERMOST ELECTRONS = VALENCE ELECTRONS

45. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp_ Grp_ Per _ Per _ Per _ Per _
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

46. …AND THAT’S WHY THE PERIODIC TABLE IS SHAPED THAT WAY!

48. What can the number of outer VALENCE” electrons (-) tell us about the elements?

49. group 18 has a FULL outer shell
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp18
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
group 18 has a FULL outer shell
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

50. Group 18 does NOT NEED any e-
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp18
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Group 18 does NOT NEED any e-
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

51. THEY DON’T REACT, THEY’RE NOBLES!
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp18
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
THEY DON’T REACT, THEY’RE NOBLES!
Per _
They are rich, fat, & content
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

52. Group 1 has 1 e- to GIVE AWAY.
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp_
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Group 1 has 1 e- to GIVE AWAY.
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

53. Group 1 has 1 e- to GIVE AWAY! They can’t wait to get rid of it
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp_
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Group 1 has 1 e- to GIVE AWAY! They can’t wait to get rid of it
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
I call group 1:
the dingleberries!
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

54. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp 17 Grp_ Grp_ Per _ Per _ Per _ Per _
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp 17
Per _
Per _
Group 17 CRAVES just 1 e-
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

55. Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp _ Grp 17 Grp_ Grp_ Per _ Per _ Per _ Per _
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Grp 17
Per _
Per _
Group 17 CRAVES just 1 e-
Per _
I call group 17 the
HUNGRY HIPPOS
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

56. I call this group “loosey goosey”
Each PERIOD (row) = same number of e- ORBITS.
Each GROUP has the SAME # of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-).
Grp_
Grp_ H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp _
Grp _
Grp 14
Grp _
Grp _
Grp _
Per _
Group 14 has 4 different places to hook up!
I call this group “loosey goosey”
Per _
Per _
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

57. Elements in the same GROUP (column) all share the SAME number of outermost VALENCE ELECTRONS(-) which makes them all like FAMILY.
They share SIMILAR PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES!!!

58. Grp 2 Grp _ Grp 14 Grp _ Grp 16 Grp 17 Grp18 Grp1
Elements in the same GROUP (column) all share the SAME number of outermost VALENCE ELECTRONS(-) which makes them all like FAMILY.
Grp18
Number of electrons (-) that can be held in each shell: 2
2,8
2,8,8
Grp1 H
P(+)=
N(o)= He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Grp 2
Grp _
Grp 14
Grp _
Grp 16
Grp 17
Per _
Per _
Per _
All have 4 e- & need 4 e-
This group needs 2e- to fill its outer shell
This group is just 1 e- short of a full load
This group all have 2 e- in the outer shell
All JUST 1 e-
in the outer orbit shell
This group has a FULL outer shell
Number of _________ (+) = ATOMIC _________ (top #)
Per _
Number of protons (+) & neutrons (o) = ATOMIC ______ (bottom #)
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = Number of __________ (o)
Protons (+) = electrons (-)…2 fit in 1st orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit, 8 in 3rd orbit

59. Test for understanding…
Which element is at period 2, group 13? How many protons (+) does it have? What period and group do you find Potassium? How many neutrons does it have? What group contains olympic GOLD? What other elements are in that group? Which period can you find both Iron and Zinc? Which element is at period 3, group 4?

60. Test for understanding…
Which element is at period 2, group 13? How many protons (+) does it have? Boron (B)…5 protons (+) What period and group do you find Potassium? How many neutrons does it have? period 4, group 1…20 neutrons (o) What group contains olympic GOLD? What other elements are in that group? Gold (Au)….group includes silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) Which period can you find both Iron and Zinc? period 4 Which element is at period 3, group 4? trick question…there is nothing there at that spot on the periodic table

61. More test for understanding…

62. While the PERIODS tell us the NUMBER of electron (-) ORBIT SHELLS, Each GROUPS has the same NUMBER of VALENCE ELECTRONS (-) in the OUTERMOST shell!

63. go to worksheet
Atomic basics…electron configurations..

64. https://upload. wikimedia