1. Mongols and the Muslim World, Pictorial
Slideshow by A.S. Hashim MD

2. MONGOLS were a quasi-Turkic nomadic population from Mongolia, began to expand late 12th c. because of OVERPOPULATION.

4. Who were the Mongols? Nomads, pastoralists:
Xiongnu (Huns)
Turks
Mongols
Pastoralism, trade, raiding
Self-sufficiency
Plurality of religious practice
Shamanism
Buddhists, (Nestorian) Christians, Muslims
Idea of a Great Khan

6. Mongols from the Grassland of Central Asia

7. Mongol Conquests ( )
Temujin declared himself: Genghis Khan (b. 1162; 1227)
Really: Chingis Khan = “Ocean King”
United Mongol tribes, “of all those who live in felt tents.”
Used Tengri - the Sky-God to justify his rule

9. The Amazingly Cruel Life of Genghis Khan

10. 1270-1368 c. 1260-1349 THE FAMILY OF GENGHIS KHAN GENGHIS (1162-1227)
Jochi Ögödei Chagatai Tuluy
↓ Great Khan C. ASIA
GOLDEN
HORDE Möngke Khubilai Hulagu
(RUSSIA) Great Khan CHINA IRAN/IRAQ
↓ ↓
Yuan dynasty Ilkhanids c

11. Nature of Mongol invasions: armies (hordes) are accompanied by entire population.
Yurts = Mongol mobile homes
Mongol “blitzkriegs” and devastation

12. Why did they begin to expand?
No one really knows
few written records
Booty?
Climatic change? – Population high, temperatures fell, pastures decreased
Population growth?
Steppe-landers being steppe-landers?

13. Pre-Mongol Eurasia

14. Why were the Mongol armies so successful?
Simple, but effective
All males, 15-60, were eligible for conscription
army was only source of honor
Trained using massive hunts
Great discipline
Equipped for mobility and speed: lightly armored, no supply lines; couriers
Careful planning, reconnaissance, intelligence
Very good at adapting to various conditions.
Became adept at siege warfare; recruited well; built effective catapults.
Combined various types of armed force: mounted archers, lancers, engineers, rockets, and smoke.

15. Ghengis Khan died in 1227 C.E.
Mongol leaders returned to Karakorum, their capital.
The empire at this point covered nearly 26 million sq. km.
About four times the size of the Macedonian or Roman Empires.

16. Conquests by Chinggis’s death (1227)

18. Little Known Facts About the Mongols

19. Post-Chinggis conquests
1229: Ogedei elected as Great Khan.
1232: The siege of Kaifeng. Missile- rockets were used for the first time in world history.
1236: Mongols conquered Jurched-Jin dynasty.
: war against Song dynasty, but not completely conquered until 1270s.

20. Post-Chinggis conquests
1237: Under the leadership of Batu Khan, the Mongols returned to the West and began their campaign to subjugate Kievan Rus’.
1240: Mongols sacked Kiev.
1241: Mongols destroyed German, Magyar and Polish forces, and seemed unstoppable.
1258: Mongols occupied Baghdad. The fate of Abbasid caliphate.
1259: Mongol invasion of Syria.
1260: The battle of Ain Jalut: Mamluks defeated Mongols.

21. Hulagu’s invasion of Iran and Iraq
Raids and advances →all-out assaults on population centers
Hasani, I’m
frightened!

24. Prosperity in the Islamic World
The Muslim empires carried on extensive trade with China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and SE Asia.
Trade was done by ship and by camel caravans which traveled from Morocco in the West to the countries beyond the Caspian Sea in Central Asia to the East.
Goods
Sub Saharan Africa: Gold and Slaves
China: Silk and Porcelain
E. Africa: Gold and Ivory
SE Asia and India: Sandalwood and Spices.
Egypt: Grain
Iraq: Linen, Dates, and Precious Stones
W. India: Textiles
The development of banking helped to facilitate trade and eventually influenced European banking systems during the European Renaissance.

26. The Role of Cities
Flourishing trade led to wealthy and successful cities.
Baghdad-was known as the city of peace and was highly successful under the Abbasi rule
Cairo: Was part of the Fatimi Dynasty, prosperous
Cordoba: Capital of Umayya Spain, prosperous too
Cities had Palaces for the Khalifas and mosques for worship.
There were also public buildings with fountains, courtyards, public baths, and a bazaar.

27. The Bazaar The covered market was a central part of each Muslim city.
There were high standards for business and sanitation.
It was a place where people could acquire both goods and services.

28. Islamic Society
Islam is considered more than just a religion, it is seen as a way of life that encompasses politics, economics, and social life.
According to the Quran, all people were equal in the eyes of God, but in reality, the Muslim Empires did not follow this ideal. There was a well developed upper and lower class.
Non-Muslims were not considered equal to Muslims and slavery was widespread (as in the rest of the ancient world). Slaves were usually non-Muslims because Islamic law made it illegal for one Muslim to enslave another.
Slaves served in the military or served as domestic servants.
Slaves could sometimes purchase their freedom and it was considered a good act to free ones slaves.

29. The sack of Baghdad, 1258
(1) Conspiracy theory: Caliph betrayed
(2) Caliph’s army of 10,000 vs. Hulagu’s army of 200,000
(3) Abbasid royal family murdered

30. The Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols

31. Catapult: The Long-Reaching

33. Baghdad in the 9th century

36. Pages from the Shahname prepared at the Ilkhanid court in Tabriz, 1308

38. Guyuk Khan’s reply to the pope: 1246
....you must come yourself at the head of all your kings and prove to Us your fealty and allegiance. And if you disregard the command of God and disobey Our instructions, We shall look up on you as Our enemy. Whoever recognizes and submits to the Son of Gods and Lord of the World; whoever refuses submission will be wiped out."

39. Mongol rule and Mongol Peace
Khanates (1299)
Use of local elites
Tax farming
Mongol rulers focused on feasting, hunting, and internal disputes rather than day-to-day governing.
Very flexible and tolerant: “But just as God has given different fingers to the hand, so He has given different religions to people.”

40. Effects on Overland Trade
Linked Christian, Muslim and Chinese worlds in one Pax Mongolica
Encouraged Silk Road trade
Patrols and passports
Paid high prices at Karakorum and financed caravans
Marco Polo ( )
Traveled with father and uncle to the East, made a fortune, and went back ( )
Great influence on European attitudes towards the East
New Ideas from China went west: Paper and paper money, gunpowder, coal, movable type, etc.

41. The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations

42. Marco Polo c. 1254-1324 (aged 69)Venice, Italy

43. Il-Khan Empire Caused collapse of the Abbasi Caliphate.
Hulegu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258.
1295: Il-khan Ghazan adopted Islam; end of tolerance.
Great deal of trade with China (silk roads)
Ended 1343 with death of last Il-khan.

44. A Mongol Princess Making Hajj

45. Mongol Conquests in Russia
Fall of Kiev, 1240
Batu (r ) established “Golden Horde” rule
Mongol capital at Sarai
Taxes eventually farmed out to local princes.
Rise of Novgorod and Moscow
Alexander Nevskii argued for cooperation with Mongols rather than resistance.

46. Defeat of Mongol rule by Mamluks
Mamluk Egypt
Slaves into warriors
In 1250 Mamluks rebelled
by 1254 placed own ruler on the thrown.
September 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut (Syria), Mamluks defeated Mongol armies.
Mamluks were Turks and Circassians.
Used mid’fa (hand cannon)
Stopped Mongol expansion into Africa.

47. Defeat of Mongol: Ain Jalut

48. Defeat of Mongols: Ain Jalut

49. Khilaafah epilogue
A. Abbasi prince escapes Mongol sack of Baghdad, flees to CAIRO.
B. Recognized and treated as “shadow-caliph” by Mamluk Sultan, who takes
over govt. in 1250 and defeats Mongols in Syria in 1260.

50. In Conclusion, Let us Read Surah al-Asr together
By the eons of Time,
وَالْعَصْرِ
Verily Man is in loss,
إِنَّ الْإِنْسَانَ لَفِي خُسْرٍ
Except those who believe and do good, and enjoin one another to truth and enjoin one another to patience.
إِلَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ
وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْحَقِّ
وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ

51. Thank you
May God Bless you