1. AP World History Chapter 13
The Mongols and Interregional Empires

3. Mongol Culture Nomadic pastoralists Goats, sheep Tribe
Divided into clans
Temporary confederations
Leaders elected

4. Khan Kabul Khan Chinggis Khan 1207, expedition Capital at karakorum
1100s, defeats Qin forces
Grandson, Temujin
Chinggis Khan 1207, expedition
Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated
Kara Khitai defeated
Mongolian Unity
Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated
Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed
1227, death of Chinggis Khan
Capital at karakorum
Shamanistic
Tolerated other religions
New administration
Commerce thrives

7. Khan Chinggis Khan Born Temujin Develops alliances among Mongols
1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)
1227, division of empire
Three sons, one grandson
Ogedei, third son
Elected great khan

8. Building the Mongol War Machine
Mounted warriors
Tumens,10,000 troops
Messenger force
Adopted gunpowder, cannons

9. Mongol Conquests
Mongols first invaded kingdoms in China then turned west to the Islamic world and finally conquered the kingdoms of Russia.
Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan) mobilized the Horde to invade many countries outside of Mongolia.
Mongols were the most formidable nomadic challenge to the stationary civilizations.
Their powerful short bows, fired from horseback, were devastating weapons.
Harsh discipline, enforced through a formal code, brought punishments and rewards for conduct.

10. China Under Mongol Rule
The Mongols conquered the Northern kingdoms of China. (Xi and Xia, completely destroyed over two million people)
The Mongols captured fortified cities those that resisted were either killed or enslaved.

11. Mongols in Europe
The armies of the Golden Horde, swept westward till they reached into Poland and Russia.
The Khan’s defeated the Russians in 1236 CE.
Kingdoms were spared if they paid tribute. Kingdoms that refused were burned to the ground and the soil was turned red with blood.
Ogedei renews attack on China
Kubilai Khan
Grandson of Chinggis Khan
Attacks Song
1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty
Capital at Tatu (Beijing)
Ogodei

12. Building the Mongol War Machine
Mounted warriors
Tumens,10,000 troops
Messenger force
Adopted gunpowder, cannons

15. Mongol Positives Mongol women retain liberties
Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential
Mongol patronage
Attracts scholars, artists
Religious toleration
Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims
Marco Polo
Visits courtKubilai
China
Protects peasant lands
Famine relief
Tax, labor burden lessened

16. The Brief Ride of Timur Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) Turkish
Base at Samarkand
1405, death
Empire dissolves
End of steppe nomad conquests

21. Golden Gate