1. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Feeding the World
1. Famine is the widespread malnutrition and starvation in an area due to a shortage of food,.
Modern agriculture practices provide most of the world’s population with enough food to survive.
However, some of these practices can cause environmental damage that eventually makes growing food crops more difficult.

2. Chapter 15 Humans and Nutrition
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Humans and Nutrition
The human body uses food both as a source of energy and as a source of materials for building and maintaining body tissues.
The amount of energy that is available in food is expressed in Calories. One Calorie is equal to 1,000 calories or one kilocalorie.
The major nutrients we get from food are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Our bodies need smaller amounts of vitamins and minerals to remain healthy.

3. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Humans and Nutrition

4. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Humans and Nutrition
2. Malnutrition is a disorder of nutrition that results when a person does not consume enough of each of the nutrients that are needed by the human body.
There are many forms of malnutrition. For example, humans need to get 8 essential amino acids from proteins. This is easily done if a variety of foods is eaten. However, in some parts of the world, the only sources of food may be corn and rice, which contain protein, but lacks one of the essential amino acids. Amino acid deficiency can result from such a limited diet.

5. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Sources of Nutrition
3. Diet is the type and amount of food that a person eats. A healthy diet is one that maintains a balance of the right amounts of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins.
The foods produced in the greatest amounts worldwide are grains, plants of the grass family whose seeds are rich in carbohydrates.
Besides eating grains, most people eat fruits, vegetables, and smaller amounts of meats, nuts, and other foods that are rich in fats and proteins.

6. 4. Top 5 Sources of Nutrition
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
4. Top 5 Sources of Nutrition

7. Chapter 15 Diets Around the World
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Diets Around the World
People worldwide generally consume the same major nutrients and eat the same basic kinds of food.
But, diets vary by region.
People in more developed countries tend to eat more food and a larger proportion of proteins and fats than people in less developed countries.

8. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Diets Around the World

9. Chapter 15 The Ecology of Food
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
The Ecology of Food
As the human population grows, farmland replaces forests and grasslands.
Feeding everyone while maintaining natural ecosystems becomes increasingly difficult.
Different kinds of agriculture have different environmental impacts and different levels of efficiency.

10. Chapter 15 Food Efficiency
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Food Efficiency
The efficiency of a given type of agriculture is a measure of the quantity of food produced on a given area of land with limited inputs of energy and resources.
An 5. ideal food crop produces a large amount of food with little impact on the environment.

11. Chapter 15 Food Efficiency
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Food Efficiency
On average, more energy, water, and land are used to produced a Calorie of food from animals than to produce a Calorie of food from plants.
Animals that are raised for human use are usually fed plant matter, but because less energy is available at each level on a food chain, only about 10 percent of the energy from the plants gets stored in the animals.

12. Chapter 15 Food Efficiency
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Food Efficiency
Thus, a given area of land can usually produce more food for humans when it is used to grow plants than when it is used to raise animals.
The efficiency of raising plants for food is one reason why diets around the world are largely based on plants.
However, meat from animals generally provides more nutrients per gram than most food from plants.

13. 6. Yield is the amount of crops produced per unit area.
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Old and New Foods .
6. Yield is the amount of crops produced per unit area.
Researchers are interested in organisms that can thrive in various climates and that do not require large amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, or fresh water. Some organisms have been a source of food for centuries, while other sources are just being discovered.

14. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
World Food Problems

15. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
The Green Revolution
7., between 1950 and 1970, increases in crop yields resulted from the use of new crop varieties and the use of modern agriculture techniques.
These changes were called the green revolution. Since the 1950s, the green revolution has changed the lives of millions of people.
However, the green revolution also had some negative effects.

16. Chapter 15 The Green Revolution
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
The Green Revolution
For example, most new varieties of grain produce large yields only if they receive large amounts of water, fertilizer, and pesticides. In addition, the machinery, irrigation, and chemicals required by new crop varieties can degrade the soil if they are not used properly.
As a result of the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, yields from green revolution crops are falling. The grain production in the U.S. has decreased since 1990, partly because the amount of water used for irrigation has decreased.

17. 8. Arable land is farmland that can be used to grow crops.
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Crops and Soil
8. Arable land is farmland that can be used to grow crops.
The Earth has only a limited area of arable land.
But, as the human population continues to grow, the amount of arable land per person decreases.

18. Agriculture: Traditional
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Agriculture: Traditional
The basic processes of farming include plowing, fertilization, irrigation, and pest control.
Traditionally, plows are pushed by the farmers or pulled by livestock. Plowing helps crops grow by mixing soil nutrients, loosening soil particles, and uprooting weeds. Organic fertilizers, such as manure, are used to enrich soil. While fields are irrigated by water flowing through ditches.
These traditional techniques have been used since the earliest days of farming.

19. Chapter 15 Agriculture: Modern
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Agriculture: Modern
In most industrialized countries, the basic processes of farming are now carried out using modern agricultural methods.
Machinery powered by fossil fuels is now used to plow the soil and harvest crops. Synthetic chemical fertilizers have replaced manure and plant wastes to fertilize soil.
A variety of overhead sprinklers and drip systems may be used for irrigation. And synthetic chemicals are used to kill pests.

20. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
Soil that can support the growth of healthy plants is called fertile soil.
9. Topsoil is the surface layer of the soil, which is usually richer in organic matter than the subsoil is.
Fertile topsoil is composed of living organisms, rock particles, water, air, and organic matter, such as dead or decomposing organisms. Several layers of soil lie under the topsoil. The bottom layer is bedrock, which is the solid rock from which most soil originally forms.

21. 10. Fertile Soil:pg 385 The Living Earth
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
10. Fertile Soil:pg 385 The Living Earth

22. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
Most soil forms when rock is broken down into smaller and smaller fragments by wind, water, and chemical weathering. Chemical weathering happens when the minerals in rock react chemically with substances to form new materials. Temperature changes and moisture can also cause rock to crack and break apart.
It can take hundreds or even thousands of years for these geological processes to form a few centimeters of soil.

23. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
Other processes also help to produce fertile topsoil. For example, the rock particles supply mineral nutrients to the soil.
Fungi and bacteria live in the soil, and they decompose dead plants as well as organic debris and add more nutrients to the soil.
Earthworms, insects, and other small animals help plants grow by breaking up the soil and allowing air and water into it.

24. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Fertile Soil: The Living Earth

25. Soil Erosion: A Global Problem
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Soil Erosion: A Global Problem
11. Erosion is a process where the earth is worn or broken down by water and wind, ice, or gravity.
In the U.S., about half of the original topsoil has been lost to erosion in the past 200 years.
Without topsoil, crops cannot be grown. Yet, almost all farming methods increase the rate of soil erosion.

26. Soil Erosion: A Global Problem
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Soil Erosion: A Global Problem

27. Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Land Degradation
Land degradation happens when human activity or natural processes damage the land so that it can no longer support the local ecosystem. In areas with dry climates, desertification can occur.
12.Desertification is the process by which human activities or climatic changes make arid or semiarid areas more desertlike.
This process is causing some of our arable land to disappear.

28. Chapter 15 Land Degradation
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Land Degradation
For example, in the past, people who lived in the drier part of the Sahel region in Africa grazed animals, while people in the wetter part of the region planted crops.The grazing animals were moved from place to place to find fresh grass. The cropland was planted for only a few years, and then allowed to lie fallow, or to remain unplanted, for several years.
These methods allowed the land to adequately support the people in the Sahel.

29. Chapter 15 Enriching the Soil
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Enriching the Soil
Over the past 50 years, the use of such inorganic fertilizers has increased rapidly.

30. Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Enriching the Soil
A modern method of enhancing the soil is to use both organic and inorganic materials by adding compost and chemical fertilizers to the soil.
13.Compost is a mixture of decomposing organic matter, such as manure and rotting plants, that is used as fertilizer and soil conditioner.
Many cities and industries now compost yard and crop wastes. This compost is then sold to farmers and gardeners, and the process is saving costly land fill space.

31. Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Salinization
The accumulation of salts in the soil is known as salinization.
Salinization is a major problem in places that have low rainfall and naturally salty soil.
When water evaporates from irrigated land, salts are left behind.
Salinization can be slowed if irrigation canals are lined to prevent water from seeping into the soil, or if the soil is watered heavily to wash out salts.

32. Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Pest Control
Worldwide, pests destroy about one-third of the world’s potential food harvest.
A pest is any organism that occurs where it is not wanted or that occurs in large enough numbers to cause economic damage.
Humans try to control populations of many types of pests, including plants, fungi, insects, and microorganisms.

33. Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Pesticides
Many farmers rely on pesticides to produce their crops.
A 14.pesticide is a poison used to destroy pests, such as insects, rodents, or weeds; examples include insecticides, rodenticides, and herbicides.
Pesticides, however, can also harm beneficial plants and insects, wildlife, and even people.

34. Sustainable Agriculture
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Sustainable Agriculture
15.Farming that conserves natural resources and keep the land productive indefinitely is called sustainable agriculture.
Sustainable agriculture involves planting productive, pest-resistant crop varieties that require little energy, pesticides, fertilizer, and water.

35. Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
Livestock
16.Livestock is the term given to domesticated animals that are raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit.
Populations of livestock have changed dramatically in the last 40 years.
Large livestock operations produce most of the meat that is consumed in developed countries.

36. Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
Poultry
Since 1961, the population of chickens worldwide has increased to a greater percentage than the population of any other livestock.
17. Chickens are a type of poultry, domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs.
In more-developed countries, chickens and turkeys are usually raised in factory farms.

37. Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Bellringer

38. World Calorie Consumption
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
World Calorie Consumption

39. World Grain Production Vs. Grain Production per Person
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
World Grain Production Vs. Grain Production per Person

40. Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Bellringer

41. The Structure and Composition of Soil
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
The Structure and Composition of Soil

42. Worldwide Vulnerability of Soils to Water Erosion
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Worldwide Vulnerability of Soils to Water Erosion

43. The Steps of Integrated Pest Management
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
The Steps of Integrated Pest Management

44. Engineering Plant Resistance to Insect Pests
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Engineering Plant Resistance to Insect Pests

45. Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
Bellringer

46. The Collapse of the North Atlantic Cod Fishery
Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
The Collapse of the North Atlantic Cod Fishery

47. Chapter 15 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is a major cause of famine in the world today?
A. food efficiency
B. improved yield
C. lack of rainfall
D. no-till farming

48. Chapter 15 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is a major cause of famine in the world today?
A. food efficiency
B. improved yield
C. lack of rainfall
D. no-till farming

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
What is the main difference between fertile and infertile soil?
F. Fertile soil supports plant life; infertile soil cannot.
G. Infertile soil supports plant life; fertile soil cannot.
H. Fertile soil supports insect life; infertile soil cannot.
I. Infertile soil support insect life; fertile soil cannot.

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
What is the main difference between fertile and infertile soil?
F. Fertile soil supports plant life; infertile soil cannot.
G. Infertile soil supports plant life; fertile soil cannot.
H. Fertile soil supports insect life; infertile soil cannot.
I. Infertile soil support insect life; fertile soil cannot.

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
What is the eventual result of land degradation?
A. desertification
B. fertilization
C. integration
D. salinization

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
What is the eventual result of land degradation?
A. desertification
B. fertilization
C. integration
D. salinization

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Which of the following is an effect of soil erosion?
F. increased crop yields
G. increase in land fertility
H. decrease in desertification
I. decrease in amount of top soil

54. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Which of the following is an effect of soil erosion?
F. increased crop yields
G. increase in land fertility
H. decrease in desertification
I. decrease in amount of top soil

55. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use this graph to answer questions 5 through 7.

56. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
In what year did the total amount of grain production equal the average amount of grain per person?
A. 1980
B. 1983
C. 1986
D. 1989

57. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
In what year did the total amount of grain production equal the average amount of grain per person?
A. 1980
B. 1983
C. 1986
D. 1989

58. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
What is the main reason that, while total grain production has increased each year, the amount of grain per person has been relatively steady?
F. Much of the grain produced could not be distributed efficiently.
G. The world’s population has grown faster than grain production.
H. The world’s population has remained roughly the same for the last 30 years.
I. Much of the grain produced in the world was used to feed livestock or as seed.

59. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
What is the main reason that, while total grain production has increased each year, the amount of grain per person has been relatively steady?
F. Much of the grain produced could not be distributed efficiently.
G. The world’s population has grown faster than grain production.
H. The world’s population has remained roughly the same for the last 30 years.
I. Much of the grain produced in the world was used to feed livestock or as seed.

60. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
If the trend that was in place from 1990–1995 continues through 2005, what will be the average amount of grain available per person?
A. 200 kg
B. 250 kg
C. 300 kg
D. 350 kg

61. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
If the trend that was in place from 1990–1995 continues through 2005, what will be the average amount of grain available per person?
A. 200 kg
B. 250 kg
C. 300 kg
D. 350 kg

62. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

63. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

64. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

65. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

66. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Feeding the World
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

67. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

68. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

69. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

70. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

71. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

72. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

73. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 Crops and Soil
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

74. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

75. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

76. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank

77. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Animals and Agriculture
Chapter 15
Image and Activity Bank