1. NOTES: The Digestive System (UNIT 8, part 1)
Digestion is the process of
mechanically and chemically
breaking down foods and
absorbing the breakdown products.
The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs.

3. Alimentary canal includes:
● mouth
● pharynx
● esophagus
● stomach
● small intestine
● large intestine
● rectum
● anus

4. Accessory organs are: ● salivary glands ● liver ● gallbladder
● pancreas

5. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
*The alimentary canal is a muscular tube that passes through the body’s ventral cavity. Different regions carry out different functions, but certain structural characteristics are similar throughout its length.

6. Structure of the alimentary wall:
4 DISTINCT LAYERS:
• MUCOSA (or mucous membrane)
-surface epithelium, underlying connective tissue, and a small amount of smooth muscle
-in some regions, folds and tiny projections increase the surface area (for absorption)
• SUBMUCOSA
-loose connective tissue, glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

8. 4 layers of alimentary wall…
● MUSCULAR LAYER
-consists of two coats of smooth muscle tissue and some nerves; produces movement of the tube
● SEROSA (or serous layer)
-outer covering of the tube (also called the visceral peritoneum)
-protects underlying tissue
-cells here secrete serous fluid, which moistens and lubricates tube’s outer surface

10. Movements of the tube:
*motor functions include:
MIXING MOVEMENTS
and
PROPELLING MOVMENTS
(include a wavelike motion
called PERISTALSIS)

11. MOUTH (Oral Cavity) *receives food and begins digestion  Tongue:
-rough projections (PAPILLAE)
on surface of tongue provide friction to handle food ( turns food into a BOLUS)
-papillae also contain TASTE BUDS
-covering the root of the tongue
are masses of lymphatic tissue:
LINGUAL TONSILS

13. MOUTH (Oral Cavity)  Palate: -forms the roof of the oral cavity
-hard palate (anterior) and soft palate (posterior)
-soft palate extends posteriorly
and downward as a projection
called the UVULA

14. Uvula and soft palate closes off nasopharynx while swallowing.

16. MOUTH (Oral Cavity)  Teeth:
-primary teeth (“baby teeth”) are replaced by the secondary teeth (permanent teeth)
-teeth are used to mechanically
break food into smaller pieces
(this increases the surface area
of food allowing digestive
enzymes to react more
effectively with the food
molecules)

17. SALIVARY GLANDS *salivary glands secrete saliva, which: moistens food,
helps bind food particles,
begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates,
makes taste possible, and
helps cleanse the mouth.

18. SALIVARY GLANDS
 Serous cells: secrete a watery fluid that contains the digestive enzyme AMYLASE (starts to break down starch and glycogen into smaller disaccharides)
 Mucous cells: secrete a thick fluid called mucus, which binds food particles and lubricates during swallowing

19. SALIVARY GLANDS There are 3 pairs of salivary glands:
Parotid glands (largest); contains only serous cells
2) Submandibular glands; contains both serous and mucous cells (Gleeker gland!)
3) Sublingual glands (underneath the tongue); secretions are mostly mucus…thick and stringy!)

21. PHARYNX and ESOPHAGUS (important passageways!)
 PHARYNX: connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus

22. ESOPHAGUS ESOPHAGUS: a food passageway
from the pharynx to the stomach;
passes through the diaphragm
-at distal end, circular smooth muscle fibers thicken and close the entrance to the stomach (prevents regurgitation);  esophageal sphincter
-if some of the acidic stomach
contents are regurgitated
(reflux) into the esophagus,
may cause HEARTBURN

24. STOMACH
*the stomach receives food, mixes it with gastric juice, initiates protein digestion, carries on a limited amount of absorption, and moves food into the small intestine.

25. STOMACH  Structure / Parts: -J-shaped, pouch-like organ that
sits inferior to diaphragm in
upper left of abdominal cavity
-has a capacity of about 1 L
-thick folds (rugae) in the inner lining disappear when the stomach wall stretches
-separated from the small intestine by a powerful circular muscle: PYLORIC SPHINCTER

27. *together, these secretions form
STOMACH
 Gastric Secretions - produced by GASTRIC GLANDS, which have 3 types of cells:
● mucous (goblet) cells: secrete mucus
● chief cells: secretes inactive digestive enzyme (pepsinogen)
● parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
*together, these secretions form
GASTRIC JUICE

29. STOMACH  PEPSIN: most important digestive enzyme in gastric juice
-secreted by chief cells in an inactive form: PEPSINOGEN
-when it comes into
contact with
hydrochloric acid,
it becomes the
active PEPSIN

30. STOMACH
*a layer of thick mucus is produced by cells in the stomach’s inner lining…this protective coating prevents the stomach from digesting itself.

31. STOMACH  Mixing and emptying actions: CHYME = a mixture
of food particles and
gastric juice produced by
mixing
-chyme is emptied into the small intestine where chemical digestion continues
-the rate of emptying depends on the fluidity of chyme and the type of food