1. Exam Review – Chapters 1-5
AP Macroeconomics
Exam Review – Chapters 1-5

2. Key Terms
Scarcity – Individuals, businesses, and governments have unlimited wants but limited resources; the basic economic problem
Consumer goods are made for direct consumption (ex: pizza)
Capital goods are made for indirect consumption and are used to make consumer goods (ex: ovens, hammers)
Trade-offs are all the possible options given up when you make a choice
Opportunity cost - the ONE best option given up when you make a choice including the money, time, and forgone opportunities

3. 3 Economic Systems
Centrally Planned Economies – economic systems where the government owns the resources and decides what to make, how to make it, and who gets it; total government control of the economy
Free Market Economies/Capitalism – economic system where individual citizens own the resources and decides what to make, how to make it, and who gets it; little or no government involvement in the economy
Mixed economies – almost all economies are a mixture of the above systems

4. Production Possibilities Curve/Frontier
A visualization of opportunity cost
PPCs show the resources available to make 2 separate goods…increasing production of one requires you to decrease the production of the other.
A = Inefficiency; Idle resources
B, C, D = Efficiency; all resources employed
X = Impossible given current resources; requires growth/access to more resources

5. Constant Opportunity Cost
Why does this occur?
Resources are easily adaptable between both products
Give up the same amount of computers as leather jacket production is increased.

6. Increasing Opportunity Cost
Why does this occur?
Resources are not easily adaptable between both products
As each additional camera is made, an increasing amount of mobile phones are given up.

7. Production Possibilities
Key Terms
Investment – business spending on capital that makes businesses more productive
Capital Stock – the amount of capital businesses have; the more capital stock, the more output they can make
Three Shifters of the PPC
Change in resource quantity or quality
Change in technology
Change in trade (doesn’t change the amount they can produce, but it does change the amount they can consume

8. Can you draw the following PPCs?
Workers lose their jobs due to a recession
There is an increase in consumer demand for pizza.
There are more resources that improve the production of cars.

9. Absolute & Comparative Advantage
Sugar (tons)
Cars
Cuba 40 10
Mexico 50
100
The table shows the amount of sugar and cars each country can produce with the same number of resources.
Output Questions
Which country has an absolute advantage in sugar? Cars?
What is Cuba’s opportunity cost for producing one car?
Which country has a comparative advantage in cars? How about sugar?
For both countries to benefit from trade, how much sugar can be traded for each car? 1 car for _____ sugar

10. Absolute & Comparative Advantage
Sausage
Computers
Canada 2 6 UK 10
The table shows the number of hours it take to produce a ton of sausage and a ton of computers.
Input Questions
Which country has an absolute advantage in sausage? How about computers?
What is Canada’s opportunity cost for producing one computer?
Which country has a comparative advantage in computers? How about sausage?
For both countries to benefit from trade, how many sausages can be traded for each computer?

11. Circular Flow
Product Market – Places where individuals buy goods and services from businesses
Factor/Resource Market – Places where businesses buy the factors of production from individuals
Factor Payments – Payments made by businesses (rent for land, wages for labor, interest for capital)
Transfer Payments – Payments made by the government to meet a specific goal rather than pay for goods and services (ex: welfare)

12. Supply & Demand
Law of Demand – the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded (P increases, QD decreases and vice versa)
Law of Supply – the direct relationship between price and quantity supplied (P increases, QS increases and vice versa)
What is the difference between a change in quantity demanded/supplied and a change in demand/supply?
A change in QD/QS is caused by a change in the price of the product and will result in movement along the curve.
A change in D/S is caused by a shifter and will cause the curve to move left or right (left = LESS, right = MORE)

13. Shifters What changes demand? What changes supply?
Tastes & preferences
Number of consumers
Price of related goods (substitutes & complements)
Income
Future expectations
What changes supply?
Price/availability of inputs/resources
Number of producers
Technology
Government action (taxes & subsidies)
Expectations of future profit

14. Related Goods Substitutes Complements
Price of A Increases, Demand for B ___
Price of A Decreases, Demand for B ___
Complements
Price of A Increases, Demand for B ___
Price of A Decreases, Demand for B ___

15. Income Normal Goods are purchased more often at higher incomes.
Income Increases, Demand ____
Income Decreases, Demand ____
Inferior Goods are purchased more often at lower incomes.
Income Increases, Demand ____
Income Decreases, Demand ____

16. Equilibrium, Disequilibrium, Government Involvement
Equilibrium – intersection of S & D curves
Shortage – not enough supply to meet demand
Surplus – not enough supply to meet demand
Price Ceiling – legal cap on prices designed to keep prices artificially low
Price Floor – Minimum legal price sellers can sell a product
Subsidy – Government payment to producers designed to encourage them to produce more

17. Demand
Demand Decrease
Demand Increase

18. Supply
Supply Decrease
Supply Increase

19. Double Shift
Double Shift Rule – If TWO curves shift at the same time, EITHER price or quantity will be indeterminate.
If demand decreases AND supply decreases then price will be _____ and quantity _____.

20. Reminders
Please refer back to your textbook for any other information.
Your workbook has plenty of practice. Review all Unit 1 Activities.