1. Magnetic Field Control of the Mould Filling Process of Aluminum Investment Casting
V. Galindo1, G. Gerbeth1, S. Eckert1, W. Witke1,
R. Gerke-Cantow2, H. Nicolai2, U. Steinrücken2
1Department Magnetohydrodynamics, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf
P.O. Box , D Dresden, Germany,
2TITAL Ltd., P.O. Box 1363, D Bestwig, Germany
WCCM VI in conjunction with APCOM‘04
Sixth World Congress on
Computational Mechanics
in conjunction with
Second Asian-Pacific Congress on
September 5-10, 2004, China

2. Magnetic Field Control of the Mould Filling Process of Aluminum Investment Casting
Overview
Motivation – Aluminum investment casting as example of applied electro-magneto-hydrodynamics
Measuring Techniques in liquid metals
Numerical simulations – “volume of fluid method (VOF)”
Experiments
Conclusions and remarks

3. Aluminum investment casting
Motivation
Aluminum investment casting
casting of complex shapes
the whole casting unit is basically a U-bend with the liquid metal filling channel (down sprue) and the mould being the legs connected by a horizontal channel
the liquid aluminum is exclusively moved by hydrostatic pressure
Problem
Too high fluid velocities in the early stage of the pouring process entrap bubbles and impurities
(first) Solution
Damping of the turbulent flow with a d.c. magnetic field

4. Strategy
Magnetic Field Control of the Mould Filling Process of Aluminum Investment Casting
• Labor experiments with a “cold” liquid metal
- Flow observation, velocity measurements - Numerical simulation - Validation • Extrapolation to industrial scales
- Numerical simulation
- Magnet system design
Experiments with model fluid InGaSn
Experiments with Aluminum melt under industrial conditions

5. Strategy - model experiments -
Perspex model
down sprue
model fluid: InGaSn, liquid at room temperature
magnetic field: d.c. up to 850 mT
transparent walls: optical access
mould model
horizontal channel
magnet pole shoe

6. Why do we need flow measurements in metallic melts?
Motivation
Why do we need flow measurements in metallic melts? 
Knowledge about the flow field and the transport
properties of the flow 
Optimization of products, technologies and facilities
better understanding of the process
validation of CFD models
on-line control and monitoring

7. Measuring Techniques Current situation
Commercial measuring techniques for liquid metal flows are almost not available!
Reasons
properties of the fluid (opaqueness, heat conductivity,..)
high temperatures
chemical reactivity
interfacial effects
external electromagnetic fields

8. Measuring Techniques List of measuring techniques
Local probes (invasive)
Electric Potential Probe (EPP, Vives Probe)
Mechano-Optical Probe (MOP)
Ultrasonic methods (non-invasive, but need contact)
Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV)
Inductive methods (contactless)
Inductive Flowmeter (IFM)
Tomographic Inductive Velocity Reconstruction (TIVR)
X-ray radioscopy

9. Measuring Techniques Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV)
Takeda (1987, 1991)
Commercial instrument
standard transducers
(Tmax = 150°C)
Measurement of instantaneous velocity profiles

10. Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) – measuring principle -
Measuring Techniques
Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) – measuring principle -
Pulse-echo method:
information about the position
 time of flight measurement
information about velocity
 Doppler relation
(c - sound velocity, fD - Doppler frequency, f0 - ultrasound frequency)

11. UDV in liquid metals - current situation
Measuring Techniques
Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV)
UDV in liquid metals - current situation
UDV is considered as very attractive for measurements
in opaque fluids
successful measurements have already been published for
 mercury at room temperature (Takeda 1987, Takeda et al. 1998)
 gallium T = °C (Brito et al. 2001)
 sodium T = 150°C (Eckert&Gerbeth 2002)
 PbBi, CuSn T = 620°C (Eckert et al. 2003)
 aluminium T = 800°C (Eckert et al. EPM2003)

12. Measuring Techniques Inductive Flowmeter (IFM)
Measurement of the perturbation of the magnetic field by the flow
voltage is proportional to the flow rate
high temporal resolution
can be applied at high temperatures
G: geometry factor

13. Numeric Simulation (non-dimensional) Governing equations I
momentum conservation: time dependent Navier–Stokes equation with Lorentz force density term
mass conservation:
where is the Reynolds number and is the
electromagnetic interaction parameter is the density, is the dynamic viscosity, is the electric conductivity, B0 is a characteristic magnetic field strength, L is a characteristic length and v0 is a characteristic velocity.

14. Numeric Simulation (non-dimensional) Governing equations II
In the case of a present static magnetic field it is necessary to solve an additional equation for the electric potential
electric charge conservation: taking into account the Ohm‘s
and Kirchhoff‘s law, following equation for the electric potential holds:
boundary conditions: isolating walls, non-slip

15. Material properties – characteristic numbers
Numeric Simulation
Material properties – characteristic numbers
The system is defined through 2 independent non-dimensional characteristic parameters: Re and N
Material properties Al
InGaSn
density ρ
2355
6360
Kg/m³
dynamic viscosity η
1.45
2.164
X10-3 Pa s
electric conductivity σ
3.73
3.2
X106 -1m-1
taking L=0.03 m (channel height), v0=0.5 m/s and B=0.5 T we obtain:
Characteristic parameters Al
InGaSn
Reynolds number Re
24362
44085
interaction parameter N
23.8
7.6

16. Numeric Simulation
finite element code FIDAP: solution of the Navier-stokes equation for the flow and, in the case of applied static magnetic fields, an additional „species“ equation for the electrical potential Φ
4 nodes (2d) or 8 node (3d) per element, bilinear interpolation
segregated algorithm for coupled equation system
volume of fluid (VOF) method for simulation of the filling process – void fraction is a new unknown scalar
2 turbulence models: Prandtl mixing length hypothesis and standard k-ε
Sketch of the volume of fluid (VOF) method
Interface: surface with a given constant value of the void fraction

17. Numeric Simulation Application of a static magnetic field
down sprue
Electromagnetic force density acts as damping force
mould model z y x
pole shoes
geometry sketch
computational grid

18. 3D-Numeric Simulation with the VOF Method
Application of a static magnetic field
Attenuation of the maximal velocity value at the beginning of the filling process
t = 0.15 s
B = 0 T
B = 0.5 T
Velocity vector plot on a cut plane in horizontal channel. Vmax=1.25 m/s corresponds to color red

19. 3D-Numeric Simulation with the VOF Method
Application of a static magnetic field
t = 0.25 s
B = 0 T
B = 0.5 T
Velocity vector plot on a cut plane in horizontal channel. Vmax=1.25 m/s corresponds to color red

20. 3D-Numeric Simulation with the VOF Method
Application of a static magnetic field
t = 0.5 s
B = 0 T
B = 0.5 T
Velocity vector plot on a cut plane in horizontal channel. Vmax=1.25 m/s corresponds to color red

21. 3D-Numeric Simulation with the VOF Method
Application of a static magnetic field
t = 0.75 s
B = 0 T
B = 0.5 T
Velocity vector plot on a cut plane in horizontal channel. Vmax=1.25 m/s corresponds to color red

22. 3D-Numeric Simulation with the VOF Method
Application of a static magnetic field
t = 1 s
B = 0 T
B = 0.5 T
Velocity vector plot on a cut plane in horizontal channel. Vmax=1.25 m/s corresponds to color red

23. 3D-Numeric Simulation with the VOF Method
Application of a static magnetic field
Simulation with the help of the VOF (“volume of fluid”) method; Video 
left: without
right: with magnetic field
video shows the first 2.5 seconds of the filling process
B=0T
B=0.5T

24. Experiments One of the most dangerous stage of the pouring process
Production of swirl in the beginning of the pouring process with high probability of bubble entrapment

25. UDV velocity measurement in the model experiment
Experiments
UDV velocity measurement in the model experiment
in the down sprue channel
in the down horizontal channel
dangerous peak velocity in the early stage removed
velocity fluctuations become smaller

26. Experiments
Velocity measurements obtained at a pouring experiment with
a) InGaSn at room temperature b) AlSi alloy at about 700°C

27. Validation of the numerical simulation
Experiments
Validation of the numerical simulation
Comparison of numerical and experimental results regarding the flow rate Q as a function of the magnetic field strength (related to the flow rate obtained at B = 0)

28. Al casting Experiments Casting units evaluation
Visual inspection of the resulting metal surface
UV-light visualization of surface defects
B=0.25 T
B=0.75 T in the first 5 seconds

29. Al casting Experiments Casting units evaluation - Statistics
CNF
6-4
4-4
4-2
3-2
CWF
4-3
4-1
3-3
1-2
FNF
2-2
2-3
FWF
6-2
2-1
1-1
Clear tendency: the d.c. magnetic field always lead to an improved quality of the casting unit with reduced amount of entrapped oxides

30. Conclusions I
Velocity and flow rate measurements are needed for better understanding of the flow phenomena and filling process of the investment casting of Al
Low temperature metallic melt InGaSn has been used for model experiments; key advantage: at this temperature a sufficient number of different measuring techniques are available
Validation of numerical codes using such liquid metal models provides a profound basis for an extrapolation of the numerics to the real scale problem and turned out to be essential for the reliable simulation of the real Al casting process
Main problem in the pouring process: the occurrence of large velocity values at the beginning of the casting processes leads to an accumulated generation of vortices inside the pouring channel 

31. Conclusions II
A high rate of turbulences in the flow is supposed to entail the transported impurities, oxides or gas bubbles from the walls and the free surface into the bulk of the casting patterns. As a result the mechanical properties are deteriorated
The external d.c. magnetic field damps the high flow velocities at the beginning of the pouring process. A significant reduction of the peak velocities, leading to a generation of vortices inside the pouring channel, has been shown by model experiments and numerics, and has been demonstrated in the real Al casting process afterwards
As a important input for the control system, a contact-less flow rate sensor has been developed and successfully applied
The statistics of a multitude of cast units showed a clear tendency of reduced oxide entrapment due to the magnetic field influence

32. Perspective
Next step: linear a.c. traveling field which breaks initially, and pumps in the end  constant flow rate during the whole process
Scheme of the coil system to generate the traveling magnetic field
Induced electromagnetic force density compute with a finite element Maxwell solver OPERA

33. Thank you for your attention !
Vladimir Galindo
Forschungszentrum Rossendorf Inc.
P. O. Box , Dresden
Germany